Undang-Undang 10/2026 (Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2026 tentang Pengaturan Reforma Agraria) is the Indonesian statute on agrarian reform, which it defines as the restructuring of the control, ownership, use and exploitation of agrarian resources, especially land, through the arrangement of assets and of access. It was signed and promulgated on 30 September 2026 in Lembaran Negara 2026 No. 144 and took effect that day. The statute has 52 articles in fourteen chapters and forms part of forestry and land use regulation in Indonesia, the land it covers including community land that overlaps the forest estate.^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

The statute creates an agrarian reform agency answering to the President, with a supervisory board. It sets the criteria for priority locations, thirteen categories of land that may be redistributed, and the classes of person, group and customary community that may receive it. It prescribes procedures for settling agrarian conflict, restoring land rights and redistributing land, and protects beneficiaries and those defending their land from criminal or civil suit.^{[6][7][5:1][8][9][10][11]}

It also requires the government to set minimum and maximum landholdings, with a cumulative maximum for a business entity and its affiliates, and it obliges holders of commercial cultivation rights and plantation permits to surrender at least 20 per cent of their area. It provides for annual reporting, public participation, funding and criminal offences, and gives implementing regulations one year from promulgation. It leaves earlier land, plantation, forestry, mining, spatial planning and coastal legislation in force so far as consistent with it.^{[12][13][14][15][16][17]}

¶ Background

The preamble records that land, water and natural resources are controlled by the state for the greatest prosperity of the people; that the implementation of agrarian reform had been hampered by, among other things, fragmentation and weak mechanisms for settling agrarian conflict, and that a statute was needed; and that the content of the 1960 Basic Agrarian Law, Undang-Undang 5/1960, needed to be supplemented. Its legal bases include Pasal 18B ayat (2), 28H ayat (4) and 33 ayat (3) and (4) of the Constitution, People's Consultative Assembly Decree IX/MPR/2001 on agrarian reform and natural resource management, and the Basic Agrarian Law.^[18] The general elucidation states that agrarian reform had been carried out mostly under instruments below the level of statute, and lists as obstacles the unequal control and ownership of land, abandoned land, agrarian conflict, weak legal protection for customary communities, farmers and fishers, poor cross-sector coordination, and the lack of integration between the arrangement of assets and of access.^[19]

Those instruments included Presidential Regulation 86/2018 on agrarian reform, which formed agrarian reform task forces (Gugus Tugas Reforma Agraria) at central, provincial and regency or city level, and Presidential Regulation 62/2023 on accelerating agrarian reform, which revoked it. The 2023 regulation defined agrarian reform as the restructuring of the control, ownership, use and exploitation of land; the statute's definition extends to agrarian resources "especially land" and adds that the restructuring is to be sustainable.^{[20][21][3:1]}

The House of Representatives adopted the bill, drafted by its Legislative Body, as a House initiative at a plenary sitting on 8 September 2026, and the bill was jointly approved at a plenary sitting on 22 September 2026.^[22][23] CRPG's regulatory tracker reported the statute on 8 November 2026.^[24]

¶ Agency and planning

Pasal 4 grounds agrarian reform in the state's right of control, which is to be used to guarantee the fulfilment, restoration and recognition of the people's rights to land and other agrarian resources. Reform is carried out under a roadmap prepared by the agency and regulated by Presidential Regulation, covering policy direction, targets, stages, priorities, strategies and performance indicators. Implementation runs from the preparation of priority locations through conflict settlement, verification, restoration of rights and redistribution to the grant of title and empowerment, with annual monitoring and evaluation reported to the President.^[25]

Under Pasal 10 the agrarian reform agency (Lembaga Penyelenggara Reforma Agraria) sits under and answers to the President. Its powers under Pasal 13 include setting priority locations; temporarily halting land administration, business licensing and the designation of forest areas over reform land in conflict; requesting a temporary halt to violent field actions by communities or security forces at conflict sites; and issuing binding decisions on conflict settlement, restoration of rights, redistribution and empowerment. Its formation and structure are left to Presidential Regulation, as is the supervisory board that Pasal 15 requires.^[6:1]

¶ Priority locations and reform land

Priority locations (Lokasi Prioritas Reforma Agraria) are determined by inequality in the control and use of agrarian resources, agrarian conflict, abandoned land, poverty, absentee land and holdings above the legal maximum. The elucidation defines absentee land as farmland whose owner lives outside its subdistrict or an adjoining one, and lists rural, plantation, forest, mining, coastal, urban and border areas among the possible locations. Free trade zones and free ports, and rights of management held by ministries or agencies, are excluded.^[7:1]

Pasal 19 ayat (1) lists thirteen categories of reform land (Objek Reforma Agraria), arising from conflict settlement or otherwise. They include state land and other-use areas held in good faith and used continuously for twenty years; community land overlapping or in conflict with land rights or business licences, or with forest areas and state or regional assets; land held above the maximum or beyond the area granted; abandoned land; absentee land; accreted land; and rights surrendered voluntarily. Community land in conflict with forest areas or state assets may be redistributed only after at least twenty consecutive years of good-faith holding. Once the agency has designated land, the ministries responsible for finance, forestry, land and business licensing, regional governments and state-owned enterprises must release it, or remove it from their assets or from the forest estate, within one year. Lawful holders and third parties unconnected with the conflict are entitled to fair compensation by agreement.^[5:2]

Agrarian resources other than land are left to Presidential Regulation. Pasal 20 also states that the people's right to water is a common entitlement to obtain and use water, springs and waters, and requires the government to carry out a restructuring where the control or use of agrarian resources reduces that access.^[26] The right to water is separately provided for in Undang-Undang 17/2019 on water resources, and the concept of tenurial rights over water is treated at water tenure.^[27]

¶ Beneficiaries

Beneficiaries (Subjek Reforma Agraria) are set by the agency and are individuals, community groups and customary communities. An individual must be an Indonesian citizen, at least 18 years old or married, and resident in the subdistrict of the land or an adjoining subdistrict in the same regency or city. Pasal 22 ayat (5) lists thirteen classes, among them landless farmers, farmers holding less than half a hectare, tenant cultivators, farm labourers, women without access to land, transmigrants whose land is in conflict, fishers whose vessels total up to 60 gross tonnes, small fish farmers and salt producers, and the urban poor without access to land. Community groups are formed from eligible individuals as associations, unions or cooperatives. Customary communities benefit for the fulfilment, restoration and recognition of rights over land or customary territories, which Pasal 24 defines to include forests, waters, coasts and small islands.^[8:1][28]

Beneficiaries are entitled to proof of title and to legal protection during the reform, and must use the land actively and maintain its fertility. Where land goes unused for two consecutive years the agency issues a written warning; if it remains unused a year after the warning, the right is revoked and may be given to another party.^[29]

¶ Conflict settlement, restoration and redistribution

The agency handles conflicts arising from the overlap of community or village land with land rights, forest areas or business licences that have wide social, political, economic, defence, security or cultural effects. Settlement proceeds on the principles of recognition of the conflict, partiality to beneficiaries, justice, restoration of rights and empowerment, through stages from reporting and verification to a decision and its monitoring.^[9:1]

Restoration of rights (Pemulihan Hak atas Tanah) applies to land that was lost through conflict, government policy, administrative action or other unlawful or unjust causes, and may take the form of return of the land, grant of a right, replacement land or equivalent remedies.^[10:1] Redistribution proceeds in stages ending in the delivery of proof of title. Beneficiaries may receive ownership, a building right, a right of use, a commercial cultivation right, customary or shared ownership, or another right provided by law, and shared ownership is intended to prevent fragmentation and the reconcentration of land.^[10:2][30] Certificates cannot be issued in forest areas already under a social forestry approval or with customary forest status; the elucidation describes such an approval as access through village forests, community forests, community plantation forests and forestry partnerships, the field regulated by Permen LHK 9/2021.^[30:1][31] Empowerment of beneficiaries is an inseparable part of redistribution.^[32]

The release of forest areas under Pasal 19 is to accord with the legislation in force, and Pasal 50 keeps forestry legislation in force so far as consistent with the statute. That legislation includes Undang-Undang 41/1999 and Peraturan Pemerintah 23/2021, the latter of which names land for agrarian reform among the purposes for which convertible and permanent production forest may be released.^{[5:3][17:1][33]}

¶ Protection and participation

Under Pasal 35 ayat (1) beneficiaries, community companions and any person defending their land rights cannot be prosecuted or sued. The same article postpones government policies on reform land that lie outside the aims of reform until the agency decides, and ayat (2) obliges the government to prevent new conflicts, including through the principle of free, prior and informed consent in grants of land, business licences and development policies, a prohibition of violence and intimidation, and the use of community data and maps.^[11:1] Pasal 38 guarantees meaningful participation in conflict settlement, redistribution and empowerment, and bars threats, intimidation, criminalisation and violence against participants.^[13:1]

¶ Limits on landholding

Pasal 36 obliges the government to prevent the re-transfer of reform land that would concentrate holdings, and prohibits such transfers. Pasal 37 requires the government to set minimum and maximum holdings, the maximum having regard to productive areas, population density and environmental carrying capacity, and provides for a cumulative maximum, by land rights or business licences, for one business entity and its affiliates; state-owned and regional enterprises and cooperatives are exempt from that cumulative limit. The limits are directed at reducing the Gini ratio of land control and ownership to 0.30, measured, according to the elucidation, across land in and outside forest areas. A single parcel covering a whole small island or directly bordering the coastline cannot be granted as one right to one person or legal entity.^[34][12:1]

¶ Reporting, funding and offences

The agency reports to the President and the House of Representatives at least once a year, within three months after the end of the fiscal year, and must publish its reports. Funding comes from the national and regional budgets and other lawful, non-binding sources.^[14:1]

Falsifying or suppressing documents, data or maps to influence the agency's determinations carries up to four years in prison or a category IV fine, and corporations face fines of category IV to VII. Officials who abuse their authority in that process face up to six years or a category V fine, and an official who unlawfully issues a decision or approval transferring reform land to a party not entitled to it faces up to seven years or a category V fine. Using violence or intimidation to obstruct the reform or its beneficiaries, and continuing to occupy designated land without a lawful basis, each carry up to four years or a category IV fine, as does holding reform land above the cumulative maximum.^[15:1]

¶ Transitional and closing provisions

Ministries and agencies exercising agrarian reform powers must delegate them to the agency within one year, after which they are deemed delegated. When the agency is formed, the functions of the Agrarian Reform Task Force, the Agrarian Reform Acceleration Implementation Team and other reform bodies pass to it, and it continues processes already under way.^[35] Pasal 48, placed in the transitional chapter, obliges holders of commercial cultivation rights and plantation business permits to surrender at least 20 per cent of the area of land held under the commercial cultivation right, with details left to Presidential Regulation.^[16:1] Implementing regulations are due within one year of promulgation, the House of Representatives must monitor the statute's implementation, and the statute does not apply retroactively.^[17:2]

¶ Relationship to other instruments

The statute names no earlier law that it revokes. Pasal 46 and 50 keep existing legislation on land, plantations, forestry, mining, spatial planning, and coasts and small islands in force so far as it does not conflict with the statute, and direct ministries, state enterprises and regional governments to align their rules and decisions with it.^[35:1][17:3] The preamble presents the statute as supplementing the Basic Agrarian Law.^[18:1]

¶ See also

• Water resources law of Indonesia
• Permenhut 8/2026

¶ External links

• UU No. 10 Tahun 2026 (JDIH BPK)
• CRPG: Agrarian Reform Agency, Land Redistribution and Ownership Caps: UU 10/2026 (crpg.id, 8 November 2026)

¶ References