This article was machine-drafted from the sources cited in its footnotes. It is not the official text of any law or court decision, and it is not legal advice (how articles are written).
Forestry and land use regulation in IndonesiaTopic
FieldForestry and land use
JurisdictionIndonesia
Principal instrumentsUU 41/1999; PP 23/2021
Principal institutionsMinistry of Forestry; Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning; provincial governments

Forestry and land use regulation in Indonesia is the body of law governing the state's control of forests, the designation, function and use of the forest estate (kawasan hutan), community access to forests, the rehabilitation of forest and land, conservation areas, and the spatial plans that allocate land between protection and cultivation. Its principal statute is Undang-Undang 41/1999 on forestry, which places all forests and the natural wealth in them under the control of the state, distinguishes that control from ownership, and divides forests into state forest and forest subject to rights, and by function into conservation, protection and production forest.[1]

The central implementing regulation is Peraturan Pemerintah 23/2021, issued under the 2020 job-creation law, which consolidated into one instrument the rules on forest planning, changes to the allocation and function of forest areas, the use of forest areas for non-forestry purposes, forest management and utilisation, social forestry, protection, supervision and administrative sanctions.[2] Beneath it sit ministerial regulations on the national forestry plan, changes of function, levies on the use of forest land, social forestry, peat, watershed rehabilitation and conservation areas, issued successively by the Minister of Forestry, by the Minister of Environment and Forestry and, from 2025, by the Minister of Forestry again.

In November 2024 forestry was separated from the environment into a Ministry of Forestry, whose regulations since 2025 cover forestry carbon, the national forestry plan and the ministry's own administration; land and spatial planning belong to the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning, and national strategic areas are planned by presidential regulation.[3][4] Forest carbon links the field to climate regulation, and its constitutional history includes the Constitutional Court's reading of customary forest. CRPG's regulatory tracker reported on the Ministry of Forestry's strategic plan for 2025 to 2029 and on the protected species regime in November and December 2025.[5][6][7]

Statutory framework

UU 41/1999 was enacted and promulgated on 30 September 1999, replacing the 1967 basic forestry law and the colonial forest ordinance for Java and Madura of 1927. It organises forest management into forest structuring and management planning, utilisation and the use of forest areas, rehabilitation and reclamation, and protection and nature conservation.[8][9] The law has been amended by an emergency regulation of 2004 on mining in forest areas and by the job-creation legislation of 2020 and 2022, and Constitutional Court decision 35/PUU-X/2012 removed customary forest from the category of state forest, one of the decisions surveyed at constitutional review in Indonesia.[10]

PP 23/2021, signed and promulgated on 2 February 2021, replaced the minimum share of forest area required by its predecessor with a standard of adequate forest area and forest cover for each watershed, island or province, set by the minister. It permits forest boundaries to be fixed as virtual lines on maps, allows the release of forest areas for national strategic projects, food and energy estates and agrarian reform, lists the non-forestry activities for which forest areas may be used, and revoked eight earlier government regulations on forestry in whole or in part.[11] Peraturan Pemerintah 8/2026 amended it in March 2026 by inserting a single article requiring the Minister of Forestry to involve the head of the Batam free trade zone authority in forestry matters within that zone.[12]

Forest area and function

The macro plan for the spatial use of the forest estate is the national forestry plan, reissued for 2011 to 2030 by Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 8/2026 under Pasal 49 of PP 23/2021. Its annex records the forest area at 123.95 million hectares in 2025, divides it among six macro directions for spatial use, and projects an effective forest area of 115.98 million hectares in 2030; the plan is the guideline for provincial forestry plans, forest management plans and business work plans.[13]

Changing the function of a forest area, for example from protection to production forest, followed the procedure of Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 34/2010, which barred changes that would create convertible production forest in provinces where forest covered less than 30 per cent of the province; since February 2021 such changes have been governed by PP 23/2021.[14]

Forest land may be lent for non-forestry use under a borrow-use permit (izin pinjam pakai kawasan hutan). Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 56/2008 divides the area covered by such a permit into land in permanent use, land in temporary use that can be reclaimed, and permanently damaged land, and calculates the annual non-tax revenue levy on each with a weighting of one, four or seven.[15] Permit holders also owe a replanting obligation for watershed rehabilitation under Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 59/2019, which fixes the site, planting density, three years of maintenance and handover.[16] For national strategic projects, Peraturan Presiden 3/2016 allows construction in a forest area to begin once the project holds a forest-land permit together with its location, environmental and building permits.[17]

Peatland is inventoried and zoned under Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 14/2017, which designates each part of a peat ecosystem as having a protection or a cultivation function; peat at least three metres deep, peat in protected areas and peat under a moratorium is protected, and protection must cover at least 30 per cent of each peat hydrological unit.[18] The criteria for when a peat ecosystem is damaged are set in Pasal 23 of Peraturan Pemerintah 71/2014 on the protection and management of peat ecosystems, as amended by Peraturan Pemerintah 57/2016: peat with a protection function is damaged where it contains artificial drainage, where pyritic or quartz sediment beneath the peat is exposed, or where its land cover is reduced, and peat with a cultivation function where the water table at a compliance point lies more than 0.4 metres below the peat surface or such sediment is exposed.[19]

Peraturan Pemerintah 22/2021 on environmental protection lists peat and damage related to forest and land fires among the kinds of environmental damage criteria but sets neither: the peat criteria are applied in accordance with other legislation, and the fire-related criteria are to be set by ministerial regulation, with a study or expert opinion used until they are.[20] It exempts from the fire-related criteria the burning of up to two hectares per household on the community's own land in accordance with local wisdom.[21]

Conservation areas and environmental services

Nature reserves and nature conservation areas are managed under the 1990 conservation law and a 2011 government regulation. The law was amended by Undang-Undang 32/2024, signed and promulgated on 7 August 2024, which keeps valid the reserves and conservation areas designated or established before it, keeps the 1990 law's implementing regulations in force so far as they do not conflict with the amendment, and requires the regulations implementing the amendment to be issued within one year of its promulgation.[22] In decision 132/PUU-XXII/2024, pronounced on 17 July 2025, the Constitutional Court rejected in full a petition for formal review of the amending law; in an interim decision of 14 November 2024 it had ordered the government and others not to issue regulations implementing the law until it gave its final decision.[23] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 85/2014 sets the procedure by which the managers of these areas may cooperate with outside partners, either to strengthen the areas' functions or for strategic development that cannot be avoided, such as border works, energy networks and disaster mitigation.[24] CRPG's regulatory tracker analysed the conservation law's protected species regime in December 2025.[7:1]

Economic uses of conservation areas are priced by ministerial regulation. Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 28/2025 fixes the per-hectare values for biodiversity, water regulation, carbon sink and carbon release used to calculate the annual levy on geothermal businesses in national parks, nature tourism parks and grand forest parks, a levy also treated at mining and energy regulation in Indonesia.[25] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 7/2026 amended the 2025 rules on environmental services in conservation areas and hunting parks, chiefly the licensing of carbon environmental services.[26] Villages in or bordering nature reserves, conservation areas and production forests that carry out conservation or forest and land rehabilitation are entitled under Peraturan Pemerintah 16/2026 to a conservation or rehabilitation fund, which may be drawn from forestry non-tax revenue and the reforestation fund.[27]

Forest carbon

The trade in forestry carbon is governed by Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 6/2026, issued in April 2026 to implement the presidential regulation on the carbon economic value instrument. It makes the minister responsible for a forestry carbon trading roadmap, names business actors, the minister and provincial governors as the parties that may trade forestry offsets, and allows a business actor to trade only certified carbon units.[28] The national forestry plan states that 2.5 million hectares of conservation forest are prepared for the carbon economic value.[29] These instruments are part of the field described at carbon trading and climate regulation in Indonesia.

Social forestry

Social forestry (perhutanan sosial) is the system under which local and customary law communities manage state forest, or have customary and private forest recognised, as the principal actors. PP 23/2021 recognises five forms, including customary forest.[11:1] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 9/2021 sets out the five schemes, village forest, community forest, community plantation forest, customary forest and forestry partnership, with a 35-year term for the first three, application and verification procedures with fixed deadlines, and the rights and obligations of holders; it also governs social forestry on peatland and a transition period for smallholder plantations inside the forest estate.[30] It revoked Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 83/2016, which had brought four of the schemes under one instrument in 2016, while keeping in force the rights and licences already issued under it.[31]

Watershed management and rehabilitation

The watershed (daerah aliran sungai) is the planning unit for forest and land rehabilitation, which links the field to the water resources law of Indonesia. Rehabilitation plans were prepared under Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 32/2009, which set fifteen-year technical plans for each watershed, and Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 37/2010, which set five-year management plans for each district and forest management area.[32][33] Both were revoked in 2022 by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 10/2022, which replaced them with a ten-year general plan for each watershed and annual plans for rehabilitation inside and outside the forest estate.[34]

How rehabilitation is carried out is set by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 105/2018, which directs it to critical, open and burnt land, through reforestation inside the forest estate and greening outside it, and offers incentives in the form of easier services and awards; its provisions on implementation were revoked by a 2021 regulation.[35] Coordination across agencies is the task of watershed forums at national, provincial and district level under Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 61/2013, whose powers are advisory and coordinative only.[36] The field agencies are the 34 watershed management offices and three forest tree seed offices organised by Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 5/2025.[37]

Spatial planning

Land outside the forest estate is allocated through spatial plans under Law 26/2007 on spatial planning. The plans for national strategic areas are set by presidential regulation, and three issued in 2024 illustrate their form: Peraturan Presiden 23/2024 for the Palembang urban area of South Sumatra, which combines a growth centre with the protection of food-producing land;[38] Peraturan Presiden 85/2024 for the Banjarbakula metropolitan area of South Kalimantan;[39] and Peraturan Presiden 123/2024 for the Subak landscape of Bali, a cultural heritage area whose policies put the conservation of water sources for subak agriculture first.[40] Each contains a spatial structure plan, a spatial pattern plan dividing protected from cultivation zones, directions for space use and directions for control through zoning, incentives, disincentives and sanctions, and runs for twenty years with a review every five.[39:1]

The two ministries are required to coordinate. Peraturan Presiden 176/2024 requires the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning to collaborate with the ministers for forestry and for marine affairs on forestry planning and marine spatial planning, and Peraturan Presiden 175/2024 requires the Minister of Forestry to coordinate forest-area policy with the minister responsible for spatial planning.[4:1][3:1]

Relationship to environmental law

Forestry law and environmental law overlap in planning, economic instruments and approvals. Peraturan Pemerintah 26/2025 organises environmental planning through an inventory, ecoregions and thirty-year environmental protection and management plans, which must include climate adaptation and greenhouse gas mitigation.[41] Peraturan Pemerintah 46/2017 provides for environmental economic instruments, among them inter-regional payments for environmental services and conservation trust funds.[42] Activities in the forest estate that require an environmental document are subject to the regime described at environmental approval in Indonesia.[43]

Ministry organisation

Peraturan Presiden 175/2024, in force from 5 November 2024, established the Ministry of Forestry, revoked the 2020 regulation that had organised the combined Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and transferred that ministry's environmental functions to the Ministry of Environment/Environmental Control Agency.[3:2] The combined ministry's strategic plan for 2020 to 2024 had been adopted by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 16/2020;[44] the Ministry of Forestry's own plan for 2025 to 2029, Permenhut 18/2025, signed on 22 September 2025, revoked it.[45]

The new ministry reissued its internal rules in 2026: risk management, integrated into the government internal control system, under Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 1/2026;[46] the production and sharing of forestry thematic geospatial information through a single data custodian under Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 2/2026;[47] records management under Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 4/2026;[48] and the performance allowance of its employees under Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 5/2026.[49] In July 2026 Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 9/2026 amended the ministry's 2024 organisation regulation to create eight Forest Ecosystem Management Centres (Pusat Pengelolaan Ekosistem Hutan), one for each of eight forest ecosystem types from swamp and heath forest to Wallacea forest, placed under the Minister through the Secretary-General. The centres are divided into 35 regional offices that coordinate, synchronise and monitor ecosystem policies and programmes, and an annex defines each office's working area by river basin, the unit also used for watershed rehabilitation.[50]

See also

Part of a series on Forestry and land use regulation in Indonesia
Permenhut 1/2026 · Permenhut 2/2026 · Permenhut 28/2025 · Permenhut 32/2009 · Permenhut 34/2010 · Permenhut 37/2010 · Permenhut 4/2026 · Permenhut 5/2025 · Permenhut 5/2026 · Permenhut 56/2008 · Permenhut 6/2026 · Permenhut 7/2026 · Permenhut 8/2026 · Permenhut 85/2014 · Permenhut 9/2026 · PMK 63/2026 · Permen LHK 10/2022 · Permen LHK 105/2018 · Permen LHK 14/2017 · Permen LHK 16/2020 · Permen LHK 83/2016 · Permen LHK 9/2021 · PP 22/2021 · PP 23/2021 · PP 26/2025 · PP 46/2017 · PP 8/2026 · Perpres 123/2024 · Perpres 175/2024 · Perpres 176/2024 · Perpres 23/2024 · Perpres 3/2016 · Perpres 85/2024 · UU 41/1999
Identifiers Know ID K9
Categories Forestry in Indonesia
What links here (48)

References

  1. [P] UU 41/1999, Pasal 4 and its elucidation, and Pasal 5 to 8. regulation_id UU_41_1999. ↩︎

  2. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 23 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kehutanan, preamble, Menimbang (implementing Pasal 36 and Pasal 185 huruf b of Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja) and Pasal 2. regulation_id PP_23_2021. ↩︎

  3. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 175 Tahun 2024 tentang Kementerian Kehutanan, Pasal 7, Pasal 40 to 48, Pasal 53 to 60 and closing formula (signed and promulgated 5 November 2024; Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 371). regulation_id PERPRES_175_2024. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  4. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 176 Tahun 2024 tentang Kementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang, Pasal 1 to 7 and Pasal 41 to 51; Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 372. regulation_id PERPRES_176_2024. ↩︎ ↩︎

  5. [E] "Renstra Kementerian Kehutanan 2025-2029: Framework Perencanaan Kehutanan Pasca Reorganisasi Kabinet", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/renstra-kementerian-kehutanan-2025-2029-framework-perencanaan-kehutanan-pasca-reorganisasi-kabinet/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) (in Indonesian) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  6. [E] "Indonesia's Forest Ministry Sets 17% GHG Reduction Target Through 2029 Strategic Plan", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/indonesias-forest-ministry-sets-17-ghg-reduction-target-through-2029-strategic-plan/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  7. [E] "Indonesia's Protected Species Framework: Legal Architecture for Biodiversity Conservation", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 17 December 2025. https://crpg.id/indonesias-protected-species-framework-legal-architecture-for-biodiversity-conservation/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎ ↩︎

  8. [P] UU No. 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan, JDIH BPK: enacted and promulgated 30 September 1999, Lembaran Negara 1999 No. 167, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 3888; amended by UU 19/2004, UU 11/2020, Perppu 2/2022 and UU 6/2023; revokes UU 5/1967. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/45373/uu-no-41-tahun-1999 Read with UU 41/1999, Pasal 83 and 84. regulation_id UU_41_1999. ↩︎

  9. [P] UU 41/1999, Pasal 21. regulation_id UU_41_1999. ↩︎

  10. [P] UU 41/1999, held consolidated text "as amended by" Perppu 1/2004 and Perppu 2/2022, annotated with Constitutional Court decisions including 35/PUU-X/2012 at Pasal 1 angka 6, Pasal 4 ayat (3) and Pasal 5 ayat (1) to (3). regulation_id UU_41_1999. ↩︎

  11. [P] PP 23/2021, Pasal 19, 41, 58, 91, 204, 300, 301 and 302 and closing formula (Ditetapkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 2 Februari 2021; Lembaran Negara 2021 No. 33). regulation_id PP_23_2021. ↩︎ ↩︎

  12. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 8 Tahun 2026 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 23 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kehutanan, Pasal I (inserting Pasal 293A) and Pasal II; enacted and promulgated 2 March 2026, Lembaran Negara 2026 No. 18. regulation_id PP_8_2026. https://www.peraturan.go.id/id/pp-no-8-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  13. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 8 Tahun 2026 tentang Rencana Kehutanan Tingkat Nasional Tahun 2011-2030, preamble (Pasal 49 of PP 23/2021), Pasal 4 and Lampiran I, parts A, C and D; promulgated 30 April 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 279. regulation_id PERMENHUT_8_2026. https://www.peraturan.go.id/id/permenhut-no-8-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  14. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.34/Menhut-II/2010 tentang Tata Cara Perubahan Fungsi Kawasan Hutan, Pasal 3 and Pasal 20 (Berita Negara 2010 No. 378), read with PP 23/2021, Pasal 53, 300 and 301. regulation_id PERMENHUT_34_2010; regulation_id PP_23_2021. ↩︎

  15. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.56/Menhut-II/2008 tentang Tata Cara Penentuan Luas Areal Terganggu dan Areal Reklamasi dan Revegetasi untuk Perhitungan Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan, Pasal 1 and Pasal 4, as amended by Permenhut P.84/Menhut-II/2014. regulation_id PERMENHUT_56_2008. ↩︎

  16. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.59/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/10/2019 tentang Penanaman dalam Rangka Rehabilitasi Daerah Aliran Sungai, Pasal 1 to 9 and Pasal 19 to 29; Berita Negara 2019 No. 1449. regulation_id PERMENLHK_59_2019. ↩︎

  17. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 3 Tahun 2016 tentang Percepatan Pelaksanaan Proyek Strategis Nasional, Pasal 14 ayat (1) and (2); Lembaran Negara 2016 No. 4. regulation_id PERPRES_3_2016. ↩︎

  18. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.14/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/2/2017 tentang Tata Cara Inventarisasi dan Penetapan Fungsi Ekosistem Gambut, Pasal 5 to 12; Berita Negara 2017 No. 336. regulation_id PERMENLHK_P14_2017. ↩︎

  19. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Ekosistem Gambut, Pasal 23 ayat (1) to (3); signed 12 September 2014, promulgated 15 September 2014, Lembaran Negara 2014 No. 209. Amended by Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 57 Tahun 2016, Pasal I angka 10, which reworded ayat (3) huruf a to measure the water table at a compliance point (titik penaatan) and added ayat (4) to (6); signed 2 December 2016, promulgated 6 December 2016, Lembaran Negara 2016 No. 260. regulation_id PP_71_2014; regulation_id PP_57_2016. ↩︎

  20. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 272 ayat (2) huruf e and g, ayat (4), ayat (5) and ayat (6). regulation_id PP_22_2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/161852/pp-no-22-tahun-2021 ↩︎

  21. [P] PP 22/2021, Pasal 273 ayat (1) and (2). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎

  22. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya, Pasal I (Pasal 41 as amended; Pasal 43A ayat (1) and Pasal 43B as inserted, Pasal 43B headed "Pasal 43Et" in the held OCR text) and closing formula (Disahkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 7 Agustus 2024; Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 138). regulation_id UU_32_2024. ↩︎

  23. [P] Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 132/PUU-XXII/2024, formal review (pengujian formil) of UU 32/2024: paragraph [3.1] (interim decision 132-PS/PUU-XXII/2024, pronounced 14 November 2024), paragraph [3.3] (recording the order in paragraph [3.9] of the interim decision that the government and other parties issue no implementing regulations related to UU 32/2024 until the final decision) and Amar Putusan ("Dalam Provisi: Menolak permohonan provisi para Pemohon. Dalam Pokok Permohonan: Menolak permohonan para Pemohon untuk seluruhnya"); deliberated on 4 June 2025 and pronounced in open plenary on 17 July 2025 (closing paragraph). Decision text held in the CRPG Constitutional Court database (mkri.db). https://s.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/putusan_mkri_12919_1752737738.pdf ↩︎

  24. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.85/Menhut-II/2014 tentang Tata Cara Kerjasama Penyelenggaraan Kawasan Suaka Alam dan Kawasan Pelestarian Alam, preamble (Mengingat: Law 5/1990, Law 41/1999, PP 28/2011), Pasal 2 to 4 and Pasal 13 to 17A, as amended in 2017; Berita Negara 2014 No. 1446. regulation_id PERMENHUT_85_2014. ↩︎

  25. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 28 Tahun 2025, Pasal 2 to 4; promulgated 31 December 2025, Berita Negara 2025 No. 1278. regulation_id PERMENHUT_28_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/341119/permenhut-no-28-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  26. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 7 Tahun 2026 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 27 Tahun 2025, Pasal I angka 1 to 9; enacted 20 April 2026, promulgated 21 April 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 256. regulation_id PERMENHUT_7_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350949/permenhut-no-7-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  27. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16 Tahun 2026 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa, Pasal 136 ayat (1) to (3) and Pasal 137 ayat (1) to (4); Lembaran Negara 2026 No. 36. regulation_id PP_16_2026. ↩︎

  28. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 6 Tahun 2026 tentang Tata Cara Perdagangan Karbon Melalui Offset Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Sektor Kehutanan, preamble (implementing provisions of Perpres 110/2025), Pasal 2 to 5 and Pasal 10; enacted 6 April 2026, promulgated 13 April 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 238. regulation_id PERMENHUT_6_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350948/permenhut-no-6-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  29. [P] Permenhut 8/2026, Lampiran I, part A (section 1) and part D (Tables 24 to 26). regulation_id PERMENHUT_8_2026. ↩︎

  30. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 9 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Perhutanan Sosial, Pasal 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8; Berita Negara 2021 No. 320. regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_9_2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/235324/permen-lhk-no-9-tahun-2021 ↩︎

  31. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.83/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/10/2016 tentang Perhutanan Sosial, Pasal 66 (regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_p-83-menlhk-setjen-kum-1-10-2016_2016); Permen LHK 9/2021, Pasal 198 and Pasal 199 (regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_9_2021). ↩︎

  32. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.32/Menhut-II/2009 tentang Tata Cara Penyusunan Rencana Teknik Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai, Pasal 1 to 3 and Lampiran, Bab I huruf E and F; Berita Negara 2009 No. 109. regulation_id PERMENHUT_P32_2009. ↩︎

  33. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.37/Menhut-V/2010 tentang Tata Cara Penyusunan Rencana Pengelolaan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan, Pasal 1 to 4 and Pasal 46; Berita Negara 2010 No. 389. regulation_id PERMENHUT_P37_2010. ↩︎

  34. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 10 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyusunan Rencana Umum Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai dan Rencana Tahunan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan, Pasal 2 to 4, Pasal 24 to 26 and Pasal 40; Berita Negara 2022 No. 687. regulation_id PERMENLHK_10_2022. ↩︎

  35. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.105/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018, Pasal 4, 9 and 56 to 61 (regulation_id PERMENLHK_105_2018); Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 23 Tahun 2021 tentang Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan, Pasal 65 (regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_23_2021). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/163515/permen-lhk-no-105-tahun-2018 ↩︎

  36. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.61/Menhut-II/2013 tentang Forum Koordinasi Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, Pasal 1, 2, 3, 9 and 12; Berita Negara 2013 No. 1345. regulation_id PERMENHUT_P61_2013. ↩︎

  37. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 5 Tahun 2025 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Unit Pelaksana Teknis Direktorat Jenderal Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai dan Rehabilitasi Hutan, Pasal 1, 2, 30 and 31; Berita Negara 2025 No. 216. regulation_id PERMENHUT_5_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/321782/permenhut-no-5-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  38. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 23 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Perkotaan Palembang, Betung, Indralaya, dan Kayu Agung, Pasal 2, 3, 6, 7 and 13; Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 36. regulation_id PERPRES_23_2024. ↩︎

  39. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 85 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Perkotaan Metropolitan Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Banjar, Barito Kuala, dan Tanah Laut, Pasal 2 to 8, 15, 16, 21, 52, 53, 81 to 84, 87, 134, 138 and 139; Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 175. regulation_id PERPRES_85_2024. ↩︎ ↩︎

  40. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 123 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Lanskap Subak-Bali, Pasal 1, 2 and 5 to 7; Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 224. regulation_id PERPRES_123_2024. ↩︎

  41. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 Tahun 2025 tentang Perencanaan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 2, 3, 26 and 30 to 34; Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 96. regulation_id PP_26_2025. ↩︎

  42. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 46 Tahun 2017 tentang Instrumen Ekonomi Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 3, 4 and 20; Lembaran Negara 2017 No. 228. regulation_id PP_46_2017. ↩︎

  43. [P] Permenhut 85/2014, Pasal 26, 27 and 28 (environmental documents for roads, communication networks and electricity networks submitted after the cooperation is approved). regulation_id PERMENHUT_85_2014. ↩︎

  44. [P] Permen LHK No. 16 Tahun 2020 (P.16/MENLHK/SETJEN/SET.1/8/2020) tentang Rencana Strategis Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Tahun 2020-2024, JDIH BPK: enacted 7 August 2020, promulgated 14 August 2020, Berita Negara 2020 No. 919; amended by Permen LHK 1/2022; revoked by Permen LH/BPLH 16/2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/163463/permen-lhk-no-16-tahun-2020 ↩︎

  45. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 18 Tahun 2025 tentang Rencana Strategis Kementerian Kehutanan Tahun 2025-2029, Pasal 1, Pasal 2, Pasal 4 (revoking Permen LHK P.16/MENLHK/SETJEN/SET.1/8/2020 as amended by Permen LHK 1/2022) and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 22 September 2025; the promulgation date is blank in the held text). regulation_id PERMENHUT_18_2025 (catalogued in the vault under a different title). ↩︎

  46. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Manajemen Risiko di Lingkungan Kementerian Kehutanan, Pasal 1 to 3; enacted 7 January 2026, promulgated 28 January 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 66. regulation_id PERMENHUT_1_2026. https://www.peraturan.go.id/id/permenhut-no-1-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  47. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 2 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyelenggaraan Informasi Geospasial Tematik Kehutanan, Pasal 1 angka 14 and Pasal 4 to 6; Berita Negara 2026 No. 63. regulation_id PERMENHUT_2_2026. https://peraturan.go.id/id/permenhut-no-2-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  48. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 4 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kearsipan Kementerian Kehutanan, Pasal 1 to 9; Berita Negara 2026 No. 233. regulation_id PERMENHUT_4_2026. https://www.peraturan.go.id/id/permenhut-no-4-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  49. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 5 Tahun 2026 tentang Tata Cara Pemberian Tunjangan Kinerja bagi Pegawai di Lingkungan Kementerian Kehutanan, Pasal 2 to 4, 11 and 12; Berita Negara 2026 No. 234. regulation_id PERMENHUT_5_2026. https://www.peraturan.go.id/id/permenhut-no-5-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  50. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 9 Tahun 2026 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Kehutanan, Pasal I angka 2 (inserting BAB XVIIIA: Pasal 533A on the position and the eight centres; Pasal 533B, 533O, 533AB, 533AO, 533BB, 533BO, 533CB and 533CO on their regional divisions; Pasal 533C on the task), Lampiran II (working areas by daerah aliran sungai) and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 Juli 2026). regulation_id PERMENHUT_9_2026. ↩︎