This article was machine-drafted from the sources cited in its footnotes. It is not the official text of any law or court decision, and it is not legal advice (how articles are written).
Water resources law of IndonesiaTopic
FieldWater resources law
JurisdictionIndonesia
Principal instrumentsUU 17/2019; PP 30/2024
Principal institutionsNational Water Resources Council; Ministry of Public Works (Directorate General of Water Resources); Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (groundwater); regional governments; water resources managers such as Perum Jasa Tirta I

Water resources law of Indonesia is the body of statute and implementing regulation that governs the conservation, use and control of water and water sources across Indonesia. Its principal instrument is Undang-Undang 17/2019 on water resources (sumber daya air), which defines water resources as water, water sources and the water power they contain, and defines water to include all water on, above or beneath the surface of the land.[1] The statute was enacted in October 2019 because the 2004 water resources law had been annulled by the Constitutional Court in 2015, reviving a 1974 irrigation statute that the legislature judged unable to govern the field as a whole.[2][3]

The statute declares water resources to be controlled by the state, bars their ownership by any individual, community group or business, and guarantees a right to water for minimum daily needs. It organises management around three functions, conservation, productive use and control of water's destructive force, and around the river territory (wilayah sungai) rather than administrative boundaries.[4][5] Its general implementing regulation is Peraturan Pemerintah 30/2024 on water resources management, which fills that structure with rules on planning, infrastructure, licensing, information, financing and sanctions.[6][7]

Around this core sits a larger body of presidential and ministerial instruments issued by several ministries: presidential decisions on the national water council and on the working area of a state-owned water resources manager; public works regulations on river setbacks, the surface water tax and the ministry's own organisation; energy ministry regulations on groundwater; environment ministry rules on water quality and pollution control; and forestry rules on watershed management and rehabilitation. Adjacent regimes govern what is discharged into water, surveyed at wastewater and sanitation regulation in Indonesia, and the supply of drinking water, which is the subject of a bill in preparation in 2026.

CRPG's regulatory tracker has published analyses of instruments in this field, among them the 2024 government regulation in November 2025, and CRPG has also published on the concept of water tenure and on a pilot of water accounting in two Javanese river basins.[8][9]

Constitutional history

Water resources law has been shaped directly by constitutional review. The general elucidation of UU 17/2019 records that the 2004 water resources law, Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air, was reviewed by the Constitutional Court in cases 058-059-060-063/PUU-II/2004, 008/PUU-III/2005 (decided on 19 July 2005) and 85/PUU-XI/2013 (decided on 18 February 2015), and that the last of these revoked the 2004 law and restored Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 1974 tentang Pengairan on irrigation.[3:1]

The preamble of the 2019 statute states the consequence: once the 1974 law was back in force, it still had many shortcomings and could not regulate water resources management as a whole in line with the development and needs of the law, and so had to be replaced.[2:1] UU 17/2019 is therefore a legislative response to a judicial revocation. It rests on Pasal 18A, 18B, 20, 21 and 33 of the 1945 Constitution, and its first stated aim is to protect and guarantee the people's right to water.[2:2][10]

The 2019 statute

UU 17/2019 was signed on 15 October 2019 and promulgated and in force on 16 October 2019.[11] Pasal 5 provides that water resources are controlled by the state and used for the greatest prosperity of the people, and Pasal 7 that they cannot be owned or controlled by an individual, a community group or a business entity. Pasal 6 obliges the state to guarantee the right to water for minimum daily basic needs, which its elucidation fixes at 60 litres per person per day.[4:1]

Pasal 8 turns that right into an order of allocation. Daily basic needs, smallholder agriculture (pertanian rakyat) and business use that supplies daily needs through a drinking water supply system come first, with daily needs taking precedence where water is short; other uses follow only when water is sufficient. Pasal 8 ayat (7) describes the right to water as a right to obtain and use an allocated quota, not a right of ownership.[12] Pasal 9 recognises the customary rights (hak ulayat) of customary law communities over water resources, provided the community still exists in fact, has been recognised by regional regulation, and does not conflict with the national interest.[13] These provisions are the Indonesian instance of what the Food and Agriculture Organization has called water tenure, the relationships through which people gain access to and use water, whether defined by law or by custom.[14]

Pasal 1 defines management of water resources as the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of conservation, productive use and the control of water's destructive force, and fixes the two spatial units of management: the river territory, a unit of water resources management, and the groundwater basin (cekungan air tanah), the area in which groundwater is recharged, flows and is discharged.[1:1] Management is based on the river territory, with attention to the links between surface water and groundwater and with priority given to surface water.[5:1] Pasal 10 to Pasal 16 divide tasks by class of river territory: the central government for territories crossing national or provincial boundaries or of national strategic importance, provinces for those crossing districts within one province, and districts and municipalities for those within one district.[15]

Pasal 44 requires a permit for business and non-business use of water resources and bars the lease or transfer of a permit, and Pasal 46 and Pasal 49 place state-owned, regionally owned and village-owned enterprises ahead of private business in the order of licensing.[16] The job-creation regulation in lieu of law of 2022, later enacted as Undang-Undang 6/2023, recast those permits as business licences (Perizinan Berusaha) and approvals for the use of water resources, keeping the prohibition on transfer and the order of priority.[17] In 2024 Undang-Undang 32/2024 on the conservation of living resources revoked Pasal 33, which had restricted the use of water resources in nature reserve and conservation areas, and the matching offence in Pasal 69 huruf c.[18] The statute's criminal provisions carry minimum and maximum terms, from one to three years for using water resources for business without a permit to three to nine years for intentionally damaging water sources or polluting water.[19]

Implementing regulation

Under the 2004 statute the general implementing regulation had been Peraturan Pemerintah 42/2008 on water resources management, in force from 23 May 2008, which organised management around water resources policies, river territories and groundwater basins designated by the President, and a management pattern for each river territory, and left groundwater management in the basins to a separate government regulation.[20][21] The 2004 statute it implemented was annulled in 2015.[3:2] PP 30/2024, the regulation made under the 2019 statute, was signed and promulgated on 14 August 2024 and took effect the same day.[6:1] It revoked three older government regulations: PP 22/1982 on water regulation, PP 6/1981 on levies for the operation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure, and PP 121/2015 on the commercial use of water resources; the first two had also been revoked by PP 42/2008.[22][23] Its chapters follow the statute: planning; construction, operation and maintenance; conservation; productive use; control of destructive force; licensing; the water resources information system; financing; supervision; the rights and obligations of the public; and administrative sanctions.[7:1]

The regulation divides productive use into allocation, provision, use and development.[24] Non-business use requires a water use approval (persetujuan penggunaan sumber daya air) and business use a business licence, each issued separately for surface water and groundwater, in a fixed order of priority that runs from the basic daily needs of groups requiring large volumes to business use by private enterprises and individuals.[25] No approval is needed for the daily needs of individuals or for smallholder agriculture within an existing irrigation system.[26] Financing comes from the state and regional budgets, private funds, other lawful sources and the water resources management service fee (Biaya Jasa Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, BJPSDA), which is collected from holders of business licences.[27] Breaches of conservation obligations may lead to a written warning, temporary suspension, freezing or revocation of a water use approval.[28] The regulation's chapter on the integrated water resources information system, which assigns hydrological, hydrometeorological and hydrogeological data to different agencies, is treated at water accounting in Indonesia.[29]

Institutions

National coordination rests with the National Water Resources Council (Dewan Sumber Daya Air Nasional), which UU 17/2019 requires the President to establish, with government representatives as permanent members and non-government representatives as non-permanent members.[30] The council is governed by Presidential Regulation 53/2022, which defines it as the national forum for coordinating water resources management.[31] Its membership is fixed by Keputusan Presiden 18/2024, signed on 25 April 2024, which names the coordinating ministers for maritime affairs and investment and for economic affairs as chair and vice-chair and the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing as daily chair, alongside ministers, agency heads and nineteen representatives of non-government organisations.[32][33] Regional councils are governed by Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum 3/2024, issued by the Minister of Public Works in December 2024 under Pasal 65 ayat (10) of the statute, which treats a provincial or district council as a non-structural coordinating body answerable to the regional head, formed where the need arises, and leaves its functions with the regional water resources agency until it is formed.[34][35][36] Coordination within each river territory is the task of a water resources coordination body (TKPSDA WS), whose formation is governed by Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum 2/2024, issued the same day under Pasal 66 ayat (6) of the statute: each body is non-structural, is chaired by the head of the regional development planning agency, and draws its members in balanced numbers from government and non-government organisations.[37][38][39][40]

Within government, the Directorate General of Water Resources of the Ministry of Public Works administers most of the statute. Its structure was last recast by Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 8/2024, signed on 19 September 2024 and in force on 23 September 2024, which added irrigation development to the directorate general's functions and created a Subdirectorate of Institutions and Licensing within its Directorate of Operations and Maintenance.[41][42][43]

Part of the management of a river territory may be assigned to a water resources manager (pengelola sumber daya air): a technical unit of a ministry or region, or a state-owned or regionally owned enterprise. The assignment cannot extend to setting policy, adopting plans or issuing permits.[44][45] Under this framework, Keputusan Presiden 9/2026, signed on 22 April 2026 and in force the same day, added the Bali-Penida, Pompengan-Larona, Saddang and Parigi-Poso river territories to the working area of the public corporation Perum Jasa Tirta I as water resources manager.[46][47] Some legal databases catalogue the decision as a presidential instruction (Instruksi Presiden), and CRPG's regulatory tracker first reported it under that designation in August 2026 before correcting it in September 2026.[46:1][48]

Watersheds (daerah aliran sungai) are administered on the forestry side. Under Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 5/2025, signed on 19 March 2025, the Ministry of Forestry's Directorate General of Watershed Management and Forest Rehabilitation works through 34 watershed management offices (Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, BPDAS), which plan and evaluate watershed management and carry out forest, land and mangrove rehabilitation.[49][50] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 61/2013 provides for watershed coordination forums at national, provincial and district level, drawn from government, academia, business and the community, whose powers are advisory and may not replace those of the technical agencies.[51][52] At the farm end, Peraturan Menteri Pertanian 1/2026 created seven regional offices of the Ministry of Agriculture's Directorate General of Agricultural Land and Irrigation, charged with managing agricultural land and tertiary irrigation.[53][54]

The number of agencies involved has been a subject of comment. At a workshop reported by CRPG in May 2026, sub-national participants described the allocation of water functions among ministries, river basin organisations and regional governments as a source of uncertainty and asked for it to be mapped basin by basin.[55]

Conservation, river borders and watersheds

Conservation under PP 30/2024 includes the regulation of river border areas (daerah sempadan sumber air), which are to be kept free of buildings and uses that disturb flow or reduce the capacity of the water source.[56] The border lines are fixed under Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 28/2015, in force from 25 May 2015, which grades river setbacks from 3 metres from the toe of an embankment in a town to 100 metres from the bank of a large rural river, and sets at least 50 metres for lakes and 200 metres for springs.[57][58] The lines are fixed by the minister, governor or regent or mayor according to the class of river territory, on the basis of a study by a team that includes community members.[59] In the city of Yogyakarta the setback idea takes the form of mundur, madhep, munggah, a programme under which riverside houses are moved back three metres, raised above flood level and turned to face the river; the city cites the national setback regulation as one of its legal bases.[60] On individual building plots, Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum 11/2014, in force from 26 September 2014, requires regional governments to set a mandatory rainwater-management status for each building as a condition of its permit, with the use of rainwater ranked ahead of infiltration and infiltration ahead of temporary detention.[61][62][63]

Forest and land rehabilitation in watersheds has been planned under three successive forestry instruments. Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 32/2009 set the procedure for technical rehabilitation plans for each river basin, with a fifteen-year term, and Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 37/2010 the procedure for five-year rehabilitation management plans, one of whose three streams was the development of water resources.[64][65][66][67] Both were revoked by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 10/2022, in force from 22 July 2022, which replaced them with a ten-year general plan for each watershed and annual plans drawn from it; the plans treat the watershed as the planning unit and must include the development of water resources.[68][69][70][71] A separate obligation to plant for watershed rehabilitation falls on holders of forest-area borrow-use permits under Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 59/2019, which uses the watershed as the unit whose function the planting is meant to restore.[72][73] These instruments are also part of forestry and land use regulation in Indonesia.

Spatial plans for national strategic areas carry water provisions of their own. Peraturan Presiden 123/2024, in force from 15 October 2024, sets the spatial plan for the Subak landscape of Bali, defines subak as the customary organisation that governs water use and cropping at farm level, and puts the conservation of water sources for subak agriculture first among its policies.[74][75][76] Peraturan Presiden 23/2024, the plan for the Palembang urban area of South Sumatra in force from 13 February 2024, relies on retention ponds, lakes, small reservoirs, river works and swamp irrigation in its water resources network.[77][78]

Water quality and pollution control

Water quality is regulated under environmental rather than water resources legislation. Peraturan Pemerintah 22/2021 on environmental protection and management, which revoked PP 82/2001 on water quality, applies to surface waters and aquifers and organises their quality management by river basin and groundwater basin, through inventories, quality standards, allocation of pollutant loads and protection plans.[79][80] It also replaced the free-standing environmental permit with the environmental approval that is surveyed at environmental approval in Indonesia.[81]

Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 1/2010 sets the procedures by which central, provincial and district governments control water pollution: inventorying pollution sources, determining the pollution load capacity of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, monitoring water quality at least twice a year, and issuing discharge permits through regents and mayors.[82][83][84] Its annex on permit procedures was revoked by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 5/2021, under which an activity that must prepare an environmental impact assessment or UKL-UPL and that discharges or uses wastewater must hold a technical approval and an operational worthiness letter.[85][86][87] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 3/2009 sets a certification scheme and competency standard for the water pollution control managers employed by businesses.[88][89]

Sectoral water-pollution rules have also been withdrawn. Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 8/2026, promulgated on 18 June 2026, revoked a 1973 Mining Minister regulation on water pollution in oil and gas exploration and production without setting a substitute standard.[90][91]

Groundwater

Groundwater is governed by the same statute but regulated in detail by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, whose wider remit is surveyed at mining and energy regulation in Indonesia; the groundwater field itself is surveyed at groundwater regulation in Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 2/2017 designates 421 groundwater basins, the spatial unit of management, and Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 31/2018 sets the guideline for designating conservation zones within them, classing groundwater as safe, vulnerable, critical or damaged.[92][93] Abstraction was licensed under Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 14/2024 until most of its provisions were replaced by Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 4/2026, signed on 13 January 2026 and promulgated on 22 January 2026, which also sets the fine charged when unlicensed wells are regularised.[94][95][96]

Licensing and fiscal instruments

Business licences to use water resources are issued through the risk-based licensing system of Peraturan Pemerintah 28/2025, in force from 5 June 2025, under which a business licence is obtained only after the basic requirements of spatial conformity, environmental approval and building approval have been met.[97][98] The procedure for surface water is set by Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 2/2024, in force from 7 February 2024, which issues a water resources business licence (Izin Pengusahaan Sumber Daya Air) through the online single submission system for commercial use and a water resources use approval through the ministry's licensing information system for non-commercial and irrigation use, and which replaced the 2016 licensing regulation.[99][100][101] Works built without a permit in river basins under central authority could be regularised under Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 3/2023, in force from 24 February 2023, which allowed applications for three years and charged an administrative fine calculated from 1 November 2019; groundwater has a regularisation procedure of its own.[102][103][104][105]

Abstraction is also taxed by the provinces. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 15/2017, in force from 30 August 2017, sets the method by which a governor calculates the surface water acquisition value on which the surface water tax is levied, from a base price, a regional economic factor, a resource factor and a user-group factor.[106][107] Its groundwater counterpart is Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 5/2024 on the groundwater acquisition value.[108]

Water services and products

The supply of drinking water depends on the resource regime for its raw water but is regulated separately, as drinking water supply regulation in Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum 18/2007 sets the procedure for developing piped drinking water supply systems, from planning through construction, operation and monitoring.[109][110] Instruksi Presiden 1/2024, issued on 29 January 2024, directed ministers and regional heads to accelerate drinking water and domestic wastewater services, and instructed governors to accelerate rules restricting the use of groundwater where piped water is available.[111][112] Packaged drinking water is regulated as a product under Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian 62/2024, which makes the national standards for five kinds of bottled water mandatory.[113][114]

Service delivery is the subject of the water and sanitation bill of Indonesia, a proposal of the House of Representatives recorded on 27 November 2025, which was at the drafting stage in September 2026.[115] The KONEKSI research project, in which CRPG took part in 2023 and 2024, studied the climate resilience of community-based rural water supply and the water resources on which it depends.[116] An earlier CRPG project, AIIRA, carried out with the UNESCO Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science at the University of Dundee, assessed the legal and regulatory framework for community-based water supply and sanitation, with field studies in East Nusa Tenggara and East Java.[117]

Research and policy debate

In May 2026 CRPG co-hosted, with the national development planning ministry, Australian partners and Indonesian universities, the inception workshop of the Serayu-Opak water accounting pilot, which is testing an integrated framework for accounting for surface water and groundwater in the Serayu and Opak river basins of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta.[9:1] The workshop discussion, as reported on crpg.id, turned on the national planning frame, the physical and institutional profile of the pilot basin, inclusion, and the loss of springs to riverbed mining in the Progo sub-basin.[9:2]

See also

Part of a series on Water resources law of Indonesia
AIIRA · Keppres 18/2024 · Keppres 9/2026 · Mundur, madhep, munggah · Permen ESDM 2/2017 · Permen ESDM 4/2026 · Permen ESDM 8/2026 · Permenhut 32/2009 · Permenhut 37/2010 · Permenhut 5/2025 · Permenhut 61/2013 · Permen LH 1/2010 · Permen LH 3/2009 · Permen LHK 10/2022 · Permen LHK 5/2021 · Permen LHK 59/2019 · Permen PU 11/2014 · Permen PU 2/2024 · Permen PU 3/2024 · Permen PUPR 15/2017 · Permen PUPR 2/2024 · Permen PUPR 28/2015 · Permen PUPR 3/2023 · Permen PUPR 8/2024 · Permentan 1/2026 · PP 30/2024 · PP 42/2008 · Serayu-Opak water accounting pilot · UU 17/2019 · Water and sanitation bill of Indonesia · Water tenure
Identifiers Know ID K1
Categories Water law of Indonesia · Water management in Indonesia
What links here (52)

References

  1. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2019 tentang Sumber Daya Air, Pasal 1 (definitions of Sumber Daya Air, Air, Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, Wilayah Sungai and Cekungan Air Tanah). LN 2019/190. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎ ↩︎

  2. [P] UU 17/2019, preamble (Menimbang huruf d: the revived UU 11/1974 "masih terdapat banyak kekurangan dan belum dapat mengatur secara menyeluruh mengenai pengelolaan sumber daya air"; Mengingat: Pasal 18A, 18B, 20, 21 and 33 of the 1945 Constitution). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  3. [P] UU 17/2019, Penjelasan Umum (reviews in cases 058-059-060-063/PUU-II/2004, 008/PUU-III/2005 of 19 July 2005 and 85/PUU-XI/2013 of 18 February 2015; revocation of UU 7/2004 and revival of UU 11/1974 tentang Pengairan). The held text also cites the decisive decision as 85/PUU-IX/2013; 85/PUU-XI/2013 is the conventional citation. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  4. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 5, Pasal 6 with its elucidation (60 litres per person per day), and Pasal 7. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎ ↩︎

  5. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 21, Pasal 22 ayat (1)-(3) and Pasal 23. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎ ↩︎

  6. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 30 Tahun 2024 tentang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 14 Agustus 2024; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 14 Agustus 2024) and Pasal 151. LN 2024/167, TLN 6981. regulation_id PP_30_2024. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/295844/pp-no-30-tahun-2024 ↩︎ ↩︎

  7. [P] PP 30/2024, chapter headings Bab I to Bab XVII. regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎ ↩︎

  8. [E] "Integrated Water Governance: Understanding PP 30/2024", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 22 November 2025. https://crpg.id/integrated-water-governance-understanding-pp-30-2024/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it was prepared with AI-assisted tools; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  9. [E] "CRPG co-hosts inception workshop on water accounting for Indonesia", crpg.id, 11 May 2026. https://crpg.id/crpg-co-hosts-inception-workshop-on-water-accounting-for-indonesia/ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  10. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 2 (principles), Pasal 3 (aims) and Pasal 4 (scope). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  11. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2019 tentang Sumber Daya Air, closing formula (Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2019; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 16 Oktober 2019); Lembaran Negara 2019 No. 190, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 6405. regulation_id UU_17_2019. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/122742/uu-no-17-tahun-2019 ↩︎

  12. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 8 ayat (1)-(7). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  13. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 9 ayat (1)-(3). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  14. [E] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Exploring the concept of water tenure, Land and Water Discussion Paper 10, Rome, 2016, glossary and executive summary. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ffc35e5b-382e-4d2d-9059-d4cc442fadf3/content ↩︎

  15. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 10, 11, 13, 16 and 17. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  16. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 44, 45, 46 ayat (1), 47 ayat (1) and 49 ayat (1)-(3), as enacted. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  17. [P] UU 17/2019, consolidated text "as amended by Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022" (in force 30 December 2022), Pasal 19, 40, 44 and 49 as amended. The consolidation is held with the enacted text under regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  18. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya, Pasal 43A ayat (2) as inserted (revoking Pasal 33 and Pasal 69 huruf c of UU 17/2019); Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 138. regulation_id UU_32_2024. ↩︎

  19. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 68 and Pasal 70. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  20. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, Pasal 130 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 23 Mei 2008; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 23 Mei 2008; Lembaran Negara 2008 No. 82, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 4858). regulation_id PP_42_2008. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/4856/pp-no-42-tahun-2008 ↩︎

  21. [P] PP 42/2008, Pasal 4 ayat (1) and (2). regulation_id PP_42_2008. ↩︎

  22. [P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 150. regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎

  23. [P] PP 42/2008, Pasal 129, revoking Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 1982 tentang Tata Pengaturan Air and Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 6 Tahun 1981 tentang Iuran Pembiayaan Eksploitasi dan Pemeliharaan Prasarana Pengairan. regulation_id PP_42_2008. ↩︎

  24. [P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 77. regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎

  25. [P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 103 ayat (1)–(9). regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎

  26. [P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 104 ayat (1). regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎

  27. [P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 132 ayat (1)–(7). regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎

  28. [P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 140 ayat (1)–(2) and Pasal 142 ayat (1). regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎

  29. [P] PP 30/2024, Bab IX, Pasal 121 to Pasal 125 (integrated water resources information system; Pasal 125 ayat (1), (3) and (4) assigning hydrological, hydrometeorological and hydrogeological information). regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎

  30. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 64 ayat (1)-(3) and Pasal 65 ayat (1)-(7). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  31. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 53 Tahun 2022 tentang Dewan Sumber Daya Air Nasional, Pasal 1 angka 1, Pasal 3 ayat (1), Pasal 4 ayat (1) and Pasal 5. LN 2022/88. regulation_id PERPRES_53_2022. ↩︎

  32. [P] Keputusan Presiden Nomor 18 Tahun 2024 tentang Keanggotaan Dewan Sumber Daya Air Nasional dari Unsur Pemerintah Pusat dan Nonpemerintah, Pasal 1 ayat (1) and (2). regulation_id ESDM_2024keppres18. ↩︎

  33. [P] Keppres 18/2024, Pasal 5 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 25 April 2024). regulation_id ESDM_2024keppres18. ↩︎

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  35. [P] Permen PU 3/2024, Pasal 2, Pasal 3 and Pasal 4 ayat (1) to (4). regulation_id PERMEN_PU_3_2024. ↩︎

  36. [P] Permen PU 3/2024, Pasal 43. regulation_id PERMEN_PU_3_2024. ↩︎

  37. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 2 Tahun 2024 tentang Pedoman Pembentukan Wadah Koordinasi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air pada Tingkat Wilayah Sungai, Pasal 97 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 Desember 2024). regulation_id PERMEN_PU_2_2024. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/328867/permen-pu-no-2-tahun-2024 ↩︎

  38. [P] Permen PU 2/2024, preamble, Menimbang (implementing Pasal 66 ayat (6) of UU 17/2019). regulation_id PERMEN_PU_2_2024. ↩︎

  39. [P] Permen PU 2/2024, Pasal 4 and Pasal 5. regulation_id PERMEN_PU_2_2024. ↩︎

  40. [P] Permen PU 2/2024, Pasal 26 ayat (1) to (7) and Pasal 28 ayat (1) to (3). regulation_id PERMEN_PU_2_2024. ↩︎

  41. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 8 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 13 Tahun 2020 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 19 September 2024). regulation_id PERMENPUPR_8_2024. ↩︎

  42. [P] Permen PUPR No. 8 Tahun 2024, JDIH BPK: Tanggal Pengundangan 23 September 2024; Berita Negara 2024 No. 573. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/307277/permen-pupr-no-8-tahun-2024 ↩︎

  43. [P] Permen PUPR 8/2024, Pasal I angka 1-2 (Pasal 79 huruf b1 and Pasal 82 huruf f1 inserted) and angka 21-31 (amended Pasal 151 to Pasal 160; Pasal 160A and 160B inserted). regulation_id PERMENPUPR_8_2024. ↩︎

  44. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 19 ayat (1)-(3). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  45. [P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 4 ayat (1)–(5). regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎

  46. [P] Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 9 Tahun 2026 tentang Penambahan Wilayah Kerja Perusahaan Umum (Perum) Jasa Tirta I di Wilayah Sungai Bali-Penida, Wilayah Sungai Pompengan-Larona, Wilayah Sungai Saddang, dan Wilayah Sungai Parigi-Poso, title and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 22 April 2026). Full text held in the CRPG regulation vault under regulation_id INPRES_9_2026, which misclassifies the instrument as an Instruksi Presiden. ↩︎ ↩︎

  47. [P] Keppres 9/2026, dictum KESATU, KEDUA and KETIGA. regulation_id INPRES_9_2026. ↩︎

  48. [E] "Jasa Tirta I Working Area Extended to Four River Territories: Keppres 9/2026", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 12 August 2026, correction dated 12 September 2026. https://crpg.id/jasa-tirta-i-working-area-extended-to-four-river-territories-inpres-9-2026/ The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  49. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2025 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Unit Pelaksana Teknis Direktorat Jenderal Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai dan Rehabilitasi Hutan, title and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 19 Maret 2025). regulation_id PERMENHUT_5_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/321782/permenhut-no-5-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  50. [P] Permenhut 5/2025, Pasal 1 and Pasal 2. regulation_id PERMENHUT_5_2025. ↩︎

  51. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.61/Menhut-II/2013 tentang Forum Koordinasi Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, title, Pasal 1 to Pasal 3, Pasal 17 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 1 November 2013; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 14 November 2013); Berita Negara 2013 No. 1345. regulation_id PERMENHUT_P61_2013. ↩︎

  52. [P] Permenhut P.61/Menhut-II/2013, Pasal 9 and Pasal 12 ayat (1) and (2). regulation_id PERMENHUT_P61_2013. ↩︎

  53. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 01 Tahun 2026 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Unit Pelaksana Teknis Lingkup Direktorat Jenderal Lahan dan Irigasi Pertanian, Pasal 22 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 21 Januari 2026). regulation_id PERMEN_01_2026. https://peraturan.go.id/id/permentan-no-01-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  54. [P] Permentan 1/2026, Pasal 1 to Pasal 7. regulation_id PERMEN_01_2026. ↩︎

  55. [E] "Water flows across boundaries. Authority does not.", crpg.id, 17 May 2026. https://crpg.id/water-flows-across-boundaries-authority-does-not/ Cited for CRPG's account of the workshop discussion. ↩︎

  56. [P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 1 (definition of Daerah Sempadan Sumber Air), the protection and preservation of surface water sources (list including pengaturan Daerah Sempadan Sumber Air), Pasal 61 and Pasal 62. regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎

  57. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 28/PRT/M/2015 tentang Penetapan Garis Sempadan Sungai dan Garis Sempadan Danau, closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 20 Mei 2015; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 25 Mei 2015); Berita Negara 2015 No. 772. regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_28-prt-m-2015_2015. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/159992/permen-pupr-no-28prtm2015-tahun-2015 ↩︎

  58. [P] Permen PUPR 28/PRT/M/2015, Pasal 4 ayat (1)-(3), Pasal 5, Pasal 6 ayat (1)-(3), Pasal 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and Pasal 12 ayat (1)-(2). regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_28-prt-m-2015_2015. ↩︎

  59. [P] Permen PUPR 28/PRT/M/2015, Pasal 13, Pasal 14 ayat (1)-(5), Pasal 15 ayat (1)-(2), Pasal 16 and Pasal 21. regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_28-prt-m-2015_2015. ↩︎

  60. [E] "Program M3K (Mundur Munggah Madhep Kali)", Kelurahan Prawirodirjan, Yogyakarta City Government, 13 September 2023. https://prawirodirjankel.jogjakota.go.id/detail/index/29148 (in Indonesian) ↩︎

  61. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 11/PRT/M/2014 tentang Pengelolaan Air Hujan pada Bangunan Gedung dan Persilnya, Pasal 22, Pasal 23 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 26 September 2014; Berita Negara 2014 No. 1394). regulation_id PERMENPUPR_11_2014. ↩︎

  62. [P] Permen PU 11/2014, Pasal 9 ayat (1) to (4) and Pasal 13 huruf a to c. regulation_id PERMENPUPR_11_2014. ↩︎

  63. [P] Permen PU 11/2014, Lampiran, Bab II section A.1 and Tabel II.1 (Skala Prioritas Pengelolaan Air Hujan). regulation_id PERMENPUPR_11_2014. ↩︎

  64. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.32/Menhut-II/2009 tentang Tata Cara Penyusunan Rencana Teknik Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai, Pasal 1 to 3 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 15 Mei 2009; Berita Negara 2009 No. 109). regulation_id PERMENHUT_P32_2009. ↩︎

  65. [P] Permenhut P.32/Menhut-II/2009, Lampiran, Bab I huruf E (Prosedur Penyusunan) and huruf F (Jangka Waktu). regulation_id PERMENHUT_P32_2009. ↩︎

  66. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.37/Menhut-V/2010 tentang Tata Cara Penyusunan Rencana Pengelolaan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan, Pasal 53 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 11 Agustus 2010); Berita Negara 2010 No. 389. regulation_id PERMENHUT_P37_2010. ↩︎

  67. [P] Permenhut P.37/2010, Pasal 5, Pasal 8, Pasal 18 to Pasal 22. regulation_id PERMENHUT_P37_2010. ↩︎

  68. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 10 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyusunan Rencana Umum Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai dan Rencana Tahunan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan, Pasal 41 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 22 Juli 2022; Berita Negara 2022 No. 687). regulation_id PERMENLHK_10_2022. ↩︎

  69. [P] Permen LHK 10/2022, Pasal 40, revoking Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.32/Menhut-II/2009, Nomor P.37/Menhut-V/2010 and Nomor P.38/Menhut-V/2010. regulation_id PERMENLHK_10_2022. ↩︎

  70. [P] Permen LHK 10/2022, Pasal 2, Pasal 3 and Pasal 4. regulation_id PERMENLHK_10_2022. ↩︎

  71. [P] Permen LHK 10/2022, Pasal 9 ayat (2). regulation_id PERMENLHK_10_2022. ↩︎

  72. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.59/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/10/2019 tentang Penanaman dalam Rangka Rehabilitasi Daerah Aliran Sungai, Pasal 44, Pasal 45 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 November 2019); Berita Negara 2019 No. 1449. regulation_id PERMENLHK_59_2019. ↩︎

  73. [P] Permen LHK P.59/2019, Pasal 1 angka 1 to 3, Pasal 2 and Pasal 3. regulation_id PERMENLHK_59_2019. ↩︎

  74. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 123 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Lanskap Subak-Bali, Pasal 92 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2024; Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 224). regulation_id PERPRES_123_2024. ↩︎

  75. [P] Perpres 123/2024, Pasal 1 (definitions of Kawasan Lanskap Subak-Bali and Subak). LN 2024/224. regulation_id PERPRES_123_2024. ↩︎

  76. [P] Perpres 123/2024, Pasal 5, Pasal 6 and Pasal 7 ayat (1). LN 2024/224. regulation_id PERPRES_123_2024. ↩︎

  77. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 23 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Perkotaan Palembang, Betung, Indralaya, dan Kayu Agung, Pasal 126 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 Februari 2024; Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 36). regulation_id PERPRES_23_2024. ↩︎

  78. [P] Perpres 23/2024, Pasal 42 (water resources network). LN 2024/36. regulation_id PERPRES_23_2024. ↩︎

  79. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 529 (revocation of PP 19/1999, PP 41/1999, PP 82/2001, PP 27/2012 and PP 101/2014). LN 2021/32, TLN 6634. regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎

  80. [P] PP 22/2021, Pasal 107 (water bodies; stages), Pasal 108 (DAS and CAT; planning steps), Pasal 113 (groundwater and surface water standards; Lampiran VI), Pasal 114 (coordination), Pasal 115 (step-in) and Pasal 117 to 119 (national, provincial and district plans). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎

  81. [P] PP 22/2021, Pasal 3 ayat (1) to (7). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎

  82. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 01 Tahun 2010 tentang Tata Laksana Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 14 Januari 2010). regulation_id PERMENLH_1_2010. ↩︎

  83. [P] Permen LH 1/2010, Pasal 2, Pasal 3, Pasal 8 ayat (1)-(3), Pasal 9 to Pasal 13 and Pasal 14 ayat (1). regulation_id PERMENLH_1_2010. ↩︎

  84. [P] Permen LH 1/2010, Pasal 22, Pasal 23 and Pasal 24 ayat (1)-(7) (Lampiran V). regulation_id PERMENLH_1_2010. ↩︎

  85. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 5 Tahun 2021 tentang Tata Cara Penerbitan Persetujuan Teknis dan Surat Kelayakan Operasional Bidang Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan, Pasal 55 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 1 April 2021); Berita Negara 2021 No. 268. regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021. ↩︎

  86. [P] Permen LHK 5/2021, Pasal 3 ayat (1) and (2). regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021. ↩︎

  87. [P] Permen LHK 5/2021, Pasal 54 (revoking, among others, Lampiran V of Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 01 Tahun 2010). regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021. ↩︎

  88. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 03 Tahun 2009 tentang Sertifikasi Kompetensi dan Standar Kompetensi Manajer Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 23 Maret 2009) and Pasal 12. regulation_id PERMENLH_3_2009. ↩︎

  89. [P] Permen LH 3/2009, Pasal 2 ayat (1)-(6). regulation_id PERMENLH_3_2009. ↩︎

  90. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2026, title and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 10 Juni 2026; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 18 Juni 2026). Berita Negara 2026 No. 398. regulation_id PERMENESDM_8_2026. ↩︎

  91. [P] Permen ESDM 8/2026, Pasal 1 and Pasal 2. regulation_id PERMENESDM_8_2026. ↩︎

  92. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Cekungan Air Tanah di Indonesia, Lampiran I (Daftar Cekungan Air Tanah di Indonesia), closing Keterangan (Jumlah Cekungan Air Tanah 421 cekungan). regulation_id PERMENESDM_02_2017. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/142956/permen-esdm-no-2-tahun-2017 ↩︎

  93. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 31 Tahun 2018 tentang Pedoman Penetapan Zona Konservasi Air Tanah, Pasal 1, Pasal 2, Lampiran Bab II huruf B and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 4 Juni 2018; Berita Negara 2018 Nomor 733). regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_31_2018. ↩︎

  94. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 14 Tahun 2024 tentang Penyelenggaraan Izin Pengusahaan Air Tanah dan Persetujuan Penggunaan Air Tanah; Berita Negara 2024 No. 927. Official text published by JDIH Kementerian ESDM. https://jdih.esdm.go.id/dokumen/download?id=2024pmesdm14.pdf ↩︎

  95. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 4 Tahun 2026 tentang Pedoman Penggunaan Sumber Daya Air pada Air Tanah dan Tata Cara Pengenaan, Penghitungan, Pembayaran dan/atau Penyetoran Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak Berupa Denda Administratif Penataan Izin Pengusahaan Air Tanah dan Persetujuan Penggunaan Air Tanah, closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 Januari 2026) and Pasal 47. regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. JDIH BPK records promulgation on 22 January 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 51. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350247/permen-esdm-no-4-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  96. [P] Permen ESDM 4/2026, Pasal 45 and Pasal 46 (revocation of the provisions of Permen ESDM 14/2024 on use approvals, competence development and cooperation, guidance and supervision, and administrative sanctions; pending applications processed under the 2024 rules). regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. ↩︎

  97. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko, Pasal 552 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 5 Juni 2025; Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 98). regulation_id PP_28_2025. ↩︎

  98. [P] PP 28/2025, Pasal 4 and Pasal 12 ayat (1) to (4). regulation_id PP_28_2025. ↩︎

  99. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 2 Tahun 2024 tentang Tata Cara Perizinan Berusaha Penggunaan Sumber Daya Air dan Persetujuan Penggunaan Sumber Daya Air, Pasal 85 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 7 Februari 2024), Berita Negara 2024 No. 87. regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_2_2024. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/285393/permen-pupr-no-2-tahun-2024 ↩︎

  100. [P] Permen PUPR 2/2024, Pasal 1 angka 8 to 10, Pasal 12 ayat (1) to (4) and Pasal 47 ayat (1). regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_2_2024. ↩︎

  101. [P] Permen PUPR 2/2024, Pasal 84, revoking Permen PUPR 01/PRT/M/2016. regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_2_2024. ↩︎

  102. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 3 Tahun 2023 tentang Penataan Perizinan dan Persetujuan Bidang Sumber Daya Air, Pasal 24 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 24 Februari 2023; Berita Negara 2023 Nomor 182). regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_3_2023. ↩︎

  103. [P] Permen PUPR 3/2023, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (4). regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_3_2023. ↩︎

  104. [P] Permen PUPR 3/2023, Pasal 22 ayat (1) and (2). regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_3_2023. ↩︎

  105. [P] Permen PUPR 3/2023, Lampiran (Formula Perhitungan Besaran Denda Administratif), items 1 to 3. regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_3_2023. ↩︎

  106. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 15/PRT/M/2017 tentang Tata Cara Penghitungan Besaran Nilai Perolehan Air Permukaan, closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 30 Agustus 2017) and Pasal 10; Berita Negara 2017 No. 1195. regulation_id PERMENPUPR_15_2017. ↩︎

  107. [P] Permen PUPR 15/PRT/M/2017, Pasal 1 angka 1–3, Pasal 2 and Pasal 3 to Pasal 9. regulation_id PERMENPUPR_15_2017. ↩︎

  108. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 5 Tahun 2024 tentang Pedoman Penetapan Nilai Perolehan Air Tanah. regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_5_2024. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/288527/permen-esdm-no-5-tahun-2024 ↩︎

  109. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 18/PRT/M/2007 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, Pasal 62, Pasal 63 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 6 Juni 2007). regulation_id PERMEN_PU_18_2007. ↩︎

  110. [P] Permen PU 18/PRT/M/2007, Pasal 2 and Pasal 3. regulation_id PERMEN_PU_18_2007. ↩︎

  111. [P] Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Percepatan Penyediaan Air Minum dan Layanan Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik, diktum KESATU and closing formula (Dikeluarkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 29 Januari 2024). regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/276749/inpres-1-2024 ↩︎

  112. [P] Inpres 1/2024, diktum KEDUA angka 8 huruf a to d. regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. ↩︎

  113. [P] Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 62 Tahun 2024 tentang Pemberlakuan Standar Nasional Indonesia untuk Air Minum dalam Kemasan secara Wajib, Pasal 58 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2024). regulation_id PERMENPERIN_62_2024. ↩︎

  114. [P] Permenperin 62/2024, Pasal 1 angka 2 to 7 and Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (7). regulation_id PERMENPERIN_62_2024. ↩︎

  115. [P] Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, SIMASLEG record for RUU id 842, RUU tentang Pengelolaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi (proposer DPR, tanggalPengusulan 27 November 2025; stage penyusunan), retrieved on 26 September 2026. https://www.dpr.go.id/kegiatan-dpr/fungsi-dpr/fungsi-legislasi/partisipasi-legislasi/detail/842 ↩︎

  116. [E] "KONEKSI", CRPG, crpg.id, 25 July 2023. https://crpg.id/koneksi/ CRPG's own project page, cited for the project's stated design. ↩︎

  117. [E] "AIIRA", CRPG, crpg.id, 17 December 2018. https://crpg.id/aiira/ CRPG's own project page, cited for the project's partners, funding and fieldwork. ↩︎