| Field | Groundwater law |
|---|---|
| Jurisdiction | Indonesia |
| Principal instruments | UU 17/2019; PP 30/2024; Permen ESDM 2/2017; Permen ESDM 31/2018; Permen ESDM 4/2026 |
| Principal institutions | Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Geological Agency); provincial governments; regents and mayors |
Groundwater regulation in Indonesia is the body of law governing the use, licensing, conservation and taxation of water held beneath the land surface. It sits inside the water resources law of Indonesia rather than in a statute of its own: Undang-Undang 17/2019 on water resources defines groundwater (air tanah) as water found in layers of soil or rock below the surface, and fixes the groundwater basin (cekungan air tanah), the area within which groundwater is recharged, flows and is discharged, as its spatial unit.[1][2]
The detailed rules are made by the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, whose regulations designate the country's 421 groundwater basins, set the method for zoning them by the condition of their groundwater, license abstraction, fix the fine owed when unlicensed wells are brought into the system, and set the value on which the provincial groundwater tax is levied.[3][4][5][6] Licences are issued by the minister, governors, and regents and mayors, each within their competence, according to the conservation zone in which a well sits.[7][8]
Groundwater also falls under rules made for other purposes: the environmental regime that sets water quality standards for aquifers, forestry planning that takes account of recharge areas, building rules that require rainwater to be managed on site, including through infiltration, and a 2024 presidential instruction directing governors to restrict groundwater use where piped water is available.[9][10][11][12] CRPG's regulatory tracker has analysed the main ministerial instruments since November 2025, and a water accounting pilot co-hosted by CRPG in 2026 set out to integrate groundwater with surface water in two river basins in Java.[13][14]
UU 17/2019 manages water resources on the basis of the river territory (wilayah sungai), with attention to the links between surface water and groundwater and with priority given to surface water.[15] The level of government competent to license water use follows the territory: the central government where it crosses national or provincial boundaries or is of national strategic importance, the province where it crosses district boundaries, and the district or city where it lies within one.[16] Use for business purposes requires business licensing (Perizinan Berusaha), while use for daily basic needs and smallholder agriculture (pertanian rakyat) needs an approval only where it alters the natural condition of the water source, serves a group needing a large quantity of water, or, for agriculture, lies outside an existing irrigation system.[17] The job-creation legislation of 2022, enacted as Undang-Undang 6/2023, recast the non-business permit as an approval (persetujuan), so that both izin and persetujuan appear in material describing the same architecture.[18] The statute's general conservation obligation, to keep water resources available in adequate quantity and quality for present and future needs, applies to groundwater as to other water resources, and groundwater recharge areas and basins are among the places in which conservation is carried out.[19][20]
Under the 2004 statute, Peraturan Pemerintah 42/2008 on water resources management had left groundwater management in groundwater basins to a separate government regulation.[21] The general implementing regulation of the 2019 statute, Peraturan Pemerintah 30/2024, requires water use approvals and business licences to be issued separately for surface water and for groundwater, in the same order of priority.[22] It also assigns information on hydrogeological conditions within the integrated water resources information system to the energy ministry and to the regional agencies responsible for groundwater, a division of data examined at water accounting in Indonesia.[23] Water quality in aquifers is governed by environmental law: Peraturan Pemerintah 22/2021 treats aquifers as water bodies, plans their quality management by groundwater basin, and sets groundwater quality standards from baseline or reference monitoring of the aquifer rather than from the national surface water standard.[9:1]
Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 2/2017, signed and promulgated on 9 January 2017, designates the groundwater basins of Indonesia. A basin must have hydrogeological boundaries, recharge and discharge areas within one system of groundwater formation, and a single aquifer system. The annex lists 381 basins within one province, 36 crossing provincial boundaries and 4 crossing national borders, 421 in all, and the minister and governors must use them as the reference for conservation zones, for licensing, and for controlling the damage groundwater can cause.[24][3:1][25]
Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 31/2018, in force from 4 June 2018, sets the guideline for drawing conservation zones within those basins. The minister designates zones for basins crossing provincial or national boundaries on the proposal of the head of the Geological Agency, and governors designate them for basins within a province; zones were due within two years and must be updated at least every five years.[4:1][26] The annex divides a basin into a protection zone, covering recharge areas and a 200-metre radius around each spring, and utilisation zones graded by the decline of the water level and by quality: safe below 40 per cent decline, vulnerable from 40 to 60, critical above 60 up to 80, and damaged above 80 per cent.[27] The 200-metre figure matches the minimum spring setback set for surface water sources by Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 28/2015 on river and lake borders.[28]
Recharge areas are also protected through land-use planning. Under Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 10/2022, the ten-year general plan for rehabilitating a watershed must refer to maps of groundwater basins and take account of the condition of recharge areas, and rehabilitation targets on land give first priority to critical land in critical recharge areas prone to disaster.[10:1][29] On building plots, Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum 11/2014 requires rainwater to be managed on site, through use, infiltration wells and temporary detention, as a condition of the building permit.[30][11:1]
Groundwater is licensed in two forms: a groundwater business permit (Izin Pengusahaan Air Tanah) for commercial use, applied for through the online single submission (OSS) system, and a groundwater use approval (Persetujuan Penggunaan Air Tanah) for any other use, applied for online. Both are granted for a specific point, place or reach in a basin, by the minister, governors, and regents and mayors within their competence.[7:1] Surface water is licensed separately, under Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 2/2024, which expressly excludes groundwater from its scope.[31]
The procedure for both licences was set by Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 14/2024, in force from 9 December 2024, which tied the volume that may be licensed to the conservation zone.[32] In a protection zone business abstraction was capped at 25 cubic metres a day, in a critical zone at 10, and in a damaged zone no new permit could be issued; from unconfined aquifers shallower than 40 metres the cap was 10 cubic metres a day, save where deeper water is scarce, brackish, saline or polluted.[33] Permit holders had to fit a water meter, build a recharge well and, above set thresholds, a monitoring well with an automatic water-level recorder; a business permit ran for five years.[34][35]
In January 2026 most of the 2024 rules on use approvals, supervision and sanctions were replaced by Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 4/2026, signed on 13 January 2026 and promulgated and in force on 22 January 2026. Applications already lodged continue under the 2024 rules, and the JDIH BPK database lists the 2024 regulation as revoked by the 2026 instrument.[5:1][36][37] Approvals are issued according to the conservation zone, and where no zone has been set, by reference to other hydrogeological data.[8:1] Use for daily basic needs requires an approval only at 100 cubic metres a month or more per household, or per group where use is shared; below that threshold, and for government offices, places of worship, non-business smallholder farming, and water produced or pumped out in mining, oil, gas and geothermal operations, none is needed.[38] Approvals are free of charge. An approval for daily needs lasts as long as the holder lives or the group exists, other approvals at most seven years, and a holder whose approval lapses without renewal must close the well within 30 calendar days.[39]
The standard for the business permit within risk-based licensing is set by Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 7/2026, in force from 12 June 2026, in which the groundwater permit is the supporting licence of the geology subsector. The standard states that the permit is issued with priority given to surface water and on the basis of the conservation zone or other hydrogeological data, and applications in process until the OSS system is adjusted continue under the 2024 regulation.[40][41][42]
Wells built, or groundwater used, without an approval, or under one that had expired, before the 2023 job creation law took effect are brought into the system through regularisation (penataan). The owner must apply for an approval, close the well or, for an underground river, cease the activity, and is liable to an administrative fine; an application is due within three years of that law's entry into force, and anyone who has not applied by then is liable to sanctions under the water resources legislation.[43][44]
The fine is a form of non-tax state revenue charged per permit or approval issued in the regularisation, across five user groups from non-business users to large businesses. It is the product of the progressive volume abstracted, a tariff per cubic metre, a coefficient for the user group, and the number of months in breach, and it is set at zero for non-business users and for micro and small businesses taking no more than 10 cubic metres a day for daily or office needs.[44:1] The fine attaches to regularisation, not to the ordinary issue of an approval, although an approval holder must still pay any non-tax revenue and other financial obligations due under other legislation.[39:1]
Abstraction is taxed by the provinces. Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 5/2024, in force from 21 May 2024 and made under the 2022 law on central-regional financial relations, sets the guideline for the groundwater acquisition value (Nilai Perolehan Air Tanah) on which the tax is levied. The value is the product of a raw water price, built from the cost of recharge and monitoring wells, and a weight in which natural resource factors count for 60 per cent and use and management factors for 40; governors set the value by governor regulation after verification by the minister.[6:1][45][46] Its surface water counterpart is Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 15/2017, in whose source-type component springs, as surface water sources, carry a weight of 200 per cent against 100 per cent for rivers.[47]
The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, whose regulation of the extractive and energy sectors is surveyed at mining and energy regulation in Indonesia, acts on groundwater through its Geological Agency, which proposes conservation zones and verifies provincial acquisition values.[26:1][46:1] Groundwater also has a place in the public works ministry: the reorganisation of its Directorate General of Water Resources by Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 8/2024 restated the tasks of the Directorate of Groundwater and Raw Water, which covers groundwater, raw water and small reservoirs (embung) together with their conservation infrastructure.[48]
PP 30/2024 allows part of the water resources tasks of the energy minister, as well as those of the public works minister and regional heads, to be assigned to a water resources manager, which may be a state-owned or regionally owned enterprise.[49] That device was used in April 2026 by Keputusan Presiden 9/2026 to extend the working area of Perum Jasa Tirta I to four further river territories, leaving the content of its duties to the regulation that established it and to water resources legislation.[50]
Groundwater policy meets drinking water supply regulation where piped supply is available. Instruksi Presiden 1/2024, issued on 29 January 2024 to accelerate drinking water and domestic wastewater services, instructed governors to accelerate rules restricting the use of groundwater, particularly in areas already served by piped drinking water.[12:1] The development of those piped systems follows the procedure in Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum 18/2007.[51] Packaged drinking water is regulated as a product under Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian 62/2024, which makes the national standards for five kinds of packaged drinking water, including natural mineral water, mandatory.[52]
The water resources that community-based rural supply depends on were one of the subjects of the KONEKSI research project, in which CRPG took part in 2023 and 2024.[53]
Discharges that can reach aquifers are regulated by the environmental regime surveyed at wastewater and sanitation regulation in Indonesia, and activities that require an environmental impact assessment or UKL-UPL obtain the approval described at environmental approval in Indonesia, which includes a technical approval for wastewater discharge.[54] For domestic installations producing no more than 3 cubic metres of wastewater a day, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 11/2025 requires septic tanks and treatment units to be watertight and forbids their effluent from being allowed to seep into the ground.[55]
The 2026 inception workshop of the Serayu-Opak water accounting pilot heard accounts of springs lost to riverbed mining in the Progo sub-basin; the project's groundwater baseline was to map priority wells, springs and recharge zones and to connect the roughly fifty-four monitoring wells of the Yogyakarta-Sleman basin to its accounting framework.[56] The tenurial questions raised by claims over aquifers are discussed at water tenure.[57]
K2[P] Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2019 tentang Sumber Daya Air, Pasal 1: "Air Tanah adalah Air yang terdapat dalam lapisan tanah atau batuan di bawah permukaan tanah". LN 2019/190. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎
[P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 1, definition of Cekungan Air Tanah: an area bounded by hydrogeological limits, where all hydrogeological events such as recharge (pengimbuhan), flow (pengaliran), and discharge (pelepasan) of groundwater occur. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 2/2017, Lampiran I (Daftar Cekungan Air Tanah di Indonesia), closing Keterangan (a: 381, b: 36, c: 4; Jumlah Cekungan Air Tanah 421 cekungan). regulation_id PERMENESDM_02_2017. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 31 Tahun 2018 tentang Pedoman Penetapan Zona Konservasi Air Tanah, Pasal 2, Pasal 10 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 4 Juni 2018; Berita Negara 2018 Nomor 733). regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_31_2018. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 4 Tahun 2026 tentang Pedoman Penggunaan Sumber Daya Air pada Air Tanah dan Tata Cara Pengenaan, Penghitungan, Pembayaran dan/atau Penyetoran Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak Berupa Denda Administratif Penataan Izin Pengusahaan Air Tanah dan Persetujuan Penggunaan Air Tanah, considerations b and c, Pasal 47 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 Januari 2026). regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. JDIH BPK records promulgation and entry into force on 22 January 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 51. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350247/permen-esdm-no-4-tahun-2026 ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 5 Tahun 2024 tentang Pedoman Penetapan Nilai Perolehan Air Tanah, consideration a (Pasal 68 of Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2022 tentang Hubungan Keuangan antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah) and Pasal 16. regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_5_2024. JDIH BPK: promulgated and in force 21 May 2024, Berita Negara 2024 No. 273. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/288527/permen-esdm-no-5-tahun-2024 ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 4 Tahun 2026, Pasal 2 ayat (2)–(5), Pasal 7 ayat (1) and Pasal 8 ayat (1). regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 4/2026, Pasal 3 ayat (1)–(2) and ayat (4) (Zona Konservasi Air Tanah; where no zone has been set, data hidrogeologi lainnya). regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 107 (water bodies), Pasal 108 (DAS and CAT; planning steps) and Pasal 113 (groundwater and surface water standards; Lampiran VI). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 10 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyusunan Rencana Umum Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai dan Rencana Tahunan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan, Pasal 3 ayat (1) and (2). regulation_id PERMENLHK_10_2022. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Permen PU 11/2014, Pasal 1 angka 1, 7 to 11, 18, 19 and 23. regulation_id PERMENPUPR_11_2014. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Percepatan Penyediaan Air Minum dan Layanan Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik, closing formula (Dikeluarkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 29 Januari 2024) and diktum KEDUA angka 8 huruf a to d. regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. ↩︎ ↩︎
[E] "Regulating Groundwater Extraction: PERMEN ESDM 14/2024", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 22 November 2025. https://crpg.id/regulating-groundwater-extraction-permen-esdm-14-2024/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎
[E] "CRPG co-hosts inception workshop on water accounting for Indonesia", crpg.id, 11 May 2026. https://crpg.id/crpg-co-hosts-inception-workshop-on-water-accounting-for-indonesia/ ↩︎
[P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 21, Pasal 22 ayat (1)-(3) and Pasal 23. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎
[P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 11, Pasal 14 and Pasal 16 (the central government, the province, and the district or city mengatur, menetapkan, dan memberi izin penggunaan Sumber Daya Air in a wilayah sungai according to its class). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎
[P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 44 ayat (1), Pasal 45 and Pasal 49 ayat (2). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎
[P] UU 17/2019 consolidated text as held, sebagaimana diubah oleh Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja, in which non-business use is expressed as persetujuan penggunaan Sumber Daya Air. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎
[P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 1, definition of Konservasi Sumber Daya Air. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎
[P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 24 ayat (1)-(3) and Pasal 26 ayat (1). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, Pasal 4 ayat (1) and (2). LN 2008/82. regulation_id PP_42_2008. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 30 Tahun 2024 tentang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, Pasal 103 ayat (1)–(9). regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎
[P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 125 ayat (4) (kondisi hidrogeologis managed by the ministry responsible for energy and mineral resources and the regional agencies responsible for groundwater). regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Cekungan Air Tanah di Indonesia, Pasal 3 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 9 Januari 2017; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 9 Januari 2017); Berita Negara 2017 Nomor 56. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/134402/Permen ESDM Nomor 2 Tahun 2017.pdf ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 2/2017, Pasal 6. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/134402/Permen ESDM Nomor 2 Tahun 2017.pdf ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 31/2018, Pasal 4, Pasal 5, Pasal 6 and Pasal 9. regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_31_2018. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 31/2018, Lampiran, Bab II huruf A and huruf B (protection zone and 200-metre spring radius; Evaluasi Kondisi dan Lingkungan Air Tanah, water-level decline thresholds for aman, rawan, kritis and rusak). regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_31_2018. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 28/PRT/M/2015 tentang Penetapan Garis Sempadan Sungai dan Garis Sempadan Danau, Pasal 4 to Pasal 12 (springs: at least 200 metres). regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_28-prt-m-2015_2015. ↩︎
[P] Permen LHK 10/2022, Pasal 31 ayat (1) to (5). regulation_id PERMENLHK_10_2022. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 11/PRT/M/2014 tentang Pengelolaan Air Hujan pada Bangunan Gedung dan Persilnya, Pasal 9, Pasal 13 and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 26 September 2014; Berita Negara 2014 No. 1394). regulation_id PERMENPUPR_11_2014. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 2 Tahun 2024 tentang Tata Cara Perizinan Berusaha Penggunaan Sumber Daya Air dan Persetujuan Penggunaan Sumber Daya Air, Pasal 2 ayat (3) and (4) and Pasal 3. regulation_id PERMEN_PUPR_2_2024. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 14 Tahun 2024 tentang Penyelenggaraan Izin Pengusahaan Air Tanah dan Persetujuan Penggunaan Air Tanah, Pasal 3, Pasal 37 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 2 Desember 2024); promulgated 9 December 2024, Berita Negara 2024 No. 927. Official text published by JDIH Kementerian ESDM. https://jdih.esdm.go.id/dokumen/download?id=2024pmesdm14.pdf ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 14/2024, Pasal 20 ayat (1)–(3) and Pasal 21. https://jdih.esdm.go.id/dokumen/download?id=2024pmesdm14.pdf ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 14/2024, Pasal 9 ayat (2) huruf b–f and j–k. https://jdih.esdm.go.id/dokumen/download?id=2024pmesdm14.pdf ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 14/2024, Pasal 25 ayat (1) and Pasal 26. https://jdih.esdm.go.id/dokumen/download?id=2024pmesdm14.pdf ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 4/2026, Pasal 45 (pending applications processed under Permen ESDM 14/2024) and Pasal 46 (revocation of the provisions of Permen ESDM 14/2024 on use approvals, competence development and cooperation, guidance and supervision, and administrative sanctions). regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM No. 14 Tahun 2024, JDIH BPK: status "Tidak Berlaku", revoked by Permen ESDM No. 4 Tahun 2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350256/permen-esdm-no-14-tahun-2024 ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 4/2026, Pasal 6 ayat (1) huruf a and ayat (2). regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 4/2026, Pasal 20 (no charge for an approval), Pasal 21 (period of validity), Pasal 22 ayat (1) (closure of the well within 30 calendar days) and Pasal 9 ayat (2) huruf h (a holder pays penerimaan negara bukan pajak dan/atau kewajiban keuangan lainnya). regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM No. 7 Tahun 2026 tentang Standar Kegiatan Usaha pada Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko Sektor Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, JDIH BPK: enacted 8 June 2026, promulgated and in force 12 June 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 385. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350238/permen-esdm-no-7-tahun-2026 ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 7/2026, Pasal 4, Pasal 5 and Lampiran II (Subsektor Geologi), standard for the Izin Pengusahaan Air Tanah, items 1 (purpose) and 2 (terms and definitions). regulation_id PERMENESDM_7_2026. ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 7/2026, Pasal 15 to Pasal 17. regulation_id PERMENESDM_7_2026. ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 4/2026, Pasal 15 ayat (1)–(2) and Pasal 16 ayat (2) and ayat (8) (regularisation of wells built or groundwater used without an approval before Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja menjadi Undang-Undang took effect; an application within three years of its entry into force). regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 4/2026, Pasal 28 (denda administratif penataan), Pasal 29 (a type of PNBP charged per permit or approval issued in the regularisation; five user groups), Pasal 30 ayat (2)–(7) (calculation) and Pasal 36 (the fine set at Rp0,00 for non-business users and for micro and small businesses meeting its conditions). regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 5/2024, Pasal 1 angka 5 to 8, Pasal 2, Pasal 6 ayat (1), Pasal 7 to Pasal 9 and Pasal 10 ayat (1). regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_5_2024. ↩︎
[P] Permen ESDM 5/2024, Pasal 12. regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_5_2024. ↩︎ ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 15/PRT/M/2017 tentang Tata Cara Penghitungan Besaran Nilai Perolehan Air Permukaan, Pasal 3 to Pasal 9 and Lampiran (Tables 1 to 10). regulation_id PERMENPUPR_15_2017. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 8 Tahun 2024, Pasal I angka 3-20 (amended Pasal 114 to Pasal 147 of Permen PUPR 13/2020). regulation_id PERMENPUPR_8_2024. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/307277/permen-pupr-no-8-tahun-2024 ↩︎
[P] PP 30/2024, Pasal 4 ayat (1)–(5). regulation_id PP_30_2024. ↩︎
[P] Keputusan Presiden Nomor 9 Tahun 2026 tentang Penambahan Wilayah Kerja Perusahaan Umum (Perum) Jasa Tirta I di Wilayah Sungai Bali-Penida, Wilayah Sungai Pompengan-Larona, Wilayah Sungai Saddang, dan Wilayah Sungai Parigi-Poso, dictum KESATU, KEDUA and KETIGA and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 22 April 2026). regulation_id INPRES_9_2026, which misclassifies the instrument as an Instruksi Presiden. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 18/PRT/M/2007 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, Pasal 2 and Pasal 3. regulation_id PERMEN_PU_18_2007. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 62 Tahun 2024 tentang Pemberlakuan Standar Nasional Indonesia untuk Air Minum dalam Kemasan secara Wajib, Pasal 1 angka 2 to 7 and Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (7). regulation_id PERMENPERIN_62_2024. ↩︎
[E] "KONEKSI", CRPG, crpg.id, 25 July 2023. https://crpg.id/koneksi/ CRPG's own project page, cited for the project's stated design. ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021, Pasal 3 ayat (1) to (7). regulation_id PP_22_2021. Read with Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 5 Tahun 2021, Pasal 3 ayat (1) and (2) and Pasal 14 ayat (1) (regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021). ↩︎
[P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup/Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 11 Tahun 2025 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah dan Standar Teknologi Pengolahan Air Limbah untuk Air Limbah Domestik, Lampiran III, section A.1 ("harus kedap air dan efluennya tidak boleh diresapkan"). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025. ↩︎
[E] "Once a spring is mined, it doesn't come back: voices from the Progo sub-basin", crpg.id, 16 May 2026. https://crpg.id/once-a-spring-is-mined-it-doesnt-come-back-voices-from-the-progo-sub-basin/ ↩︎
[E] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Exploring the concept of water tenure, Land and Water Discussion Paper 10, Rome, 2016, part 3. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ffc35e5b-382e-4d2d-9059-d4cc442fadf3/content ↩︎