This article was machine-drafted from the sources cited in its footnotes. It is not the official text of any law or court decision, and it is not legal advice (how articles are written).
Wastewater and sanitation regulation in IndonesiaTopic
FieldWastewater quality, effluent standards and sanitation services
JurisdictionIndonesia
Principal instrumentsUU 32/2009; PP 22/2021; PP 122/2015; Permen LH 5/2014; Permen LH 11/2025; Permen LHK 5/2021
Principal institutionsMinistry of Environment and Environmental Control Agency (formerly the Ministry of Environment and Forestry); Ministry of Public Works; provincial, regency and city governments

Wastewater and sanitation regulation in Indonesia is the body of statutes, regulations and technical standards that governs how wastewater is treated, discharged, reused and monitored, and how sanitation services are planned and provided. The field has no statute of its own. Its environmental side rests on Undang-Undang 32/2009 on environmental protection and management, under which pollution is measured against quality standards that include a standard for wastewater, and on that law's implementing regulation, Peraturan Pemerintah 22/2021, which empowers the environment minister to set wastewater quality standards (baku mutu air limbah) and treatment technology standards.[1][2] Its service side rests on Peraturan Pemerintah 122/2015 on drinking water supply systems, which requires water supply to be integrated with sanitation, defines sanitation to include wastewater management systems (sistem pengelolaan air limbah, SPAL), and leaves the rules on domestic wastewater systems to the public works minister and those on non-domestic wastewater to the environment minister.[3]

Most of the field is therefore made by ministerial regulation. Effluent standards are set sector by sector, through a general 2014 regulation and its amendments and through standalone standards for nickel mining, industrial estates, oil, gas and geothermal activities and, from 2025, textiles. Domestic wastewater has had its own standard since 2016; in September 2025 Permen LH 11/2025 replaced it and added treatment technology standards to the effluent limits.[4][5] An activity that discharges wastewater obtains a technical approval and an operational worthiness letter under Permen LHK 5/2021, and the environmental approval of which the technical approval forms part is one of the basic requirements for a business licence under PP 28/2025.[6][7]

Around the standards sit rules on the continuous online monitoring of industrial effluent, on the certification of the staff who run treatment plants, and on the supervision and sanctioning of breaches. Household on-site systems, principally the septic tank, are treated at septic tank regulation in Indonesia. Service delivery was the subject of Inpres 1/2024, a 2024 presidential instruction on accelerating drinking water and domestic wastewater services, and from 2025 of a House of Representatives bill on drinking water and sanitation, described at water and sanitation bill of Indonesia.[8][9]

Statutory basis

Undang-Undang 32/2009, signed and promulgated on 3 October 2009, measures pollution against quality standards for water, wastewater, sea water, ambient air, emissions and disturbance, and allows waste to be released to the environment only if it meets the standards and has central or regional government approval.[10][1:1] Its implementing regulation, Peraturan Pemerintah 22/2021, organises the management of water quality in water bodies into planning, use, control and maintenance, following river basins and groundwater basins.[11][12] On control, it requires the central and regional governments to provide pollution control facilities for household wastewater, and it has the minister set wastewater quality standards for discharge to surface water, discharge to or use in certain geological formations and application to land, together with technology standards that a business may adopt instead of designing its own treatment to meet the effluent standard.[2:1] Pasal 162 huruf b of the regulation is the provision that the 2021 procedural regulation and the 2025 domestic and textile standards were each issued to implement.[13][14][15] CRPG's regulatory tracker presented the water-quality chapter of PP 22/2021 as a compliance structure for industrial and commercial effluent in December 2025.[16]

Peraturan Pemerintah 122/2015 on drinking water supply systems, signed and promulgated on 28 December 2015, frames sanitation as part of water supply. It requires the provision of drinking water to be integrated with sanitation, at least when master plans are prepared, in order to prevent the pollution of raw water, and divides the wastewater management system into domestic and non-domestic wastewater, assigning the first to regulation by the minister for public works and the second to the minister for the environment.[17][3:1] The waste management statute, Undang-Undang 18/2008, excludes faeces from the household waste that it governs, which leaves human excreta to the wastewater regime and solid waste to the rules surveyed at solid waste management law of Indonesia.[18]

Before 2021 the procedures by which governments controlled water pollution were set by Permen LH 1/2010, which required central, provincial and district governments to inventory pollution sources, determine the pollution load capacity of water bodies and set effluent standards and control policies, and had regents and mayors issue permits to discharge wastewater into water sources.[19][20] The resource into which wastewater is discharged is governed separately, by the statute surveyed at water resources law of Indonesia, and the aquifers exposed to discharges and on-site systems by the abstraction regime at groundwater regulation in Indonesia.

Effluent standards

The general regulation and its amendments

The base instrument of the effluent-standards layer is Permen LH 5/2014, signed on 15 October 2014, which consolidated twenty earlier sector-specific decrees and regulations into a single set of standards for forty-six categories of business or activity, with a default standard for activities that have none of their own.[21][22] It is framed as a national reference: governors may set stricter standards after a scientific study of the receiving water, regents and mayors apply the governor's standards when issuing discharge permits, and every regulated activity monitors monthly and reports quarterly.[23][24]

The regulation has been amended twice and partly revoked. Permen LHK 21/2018, the first amendment, replaced the standard for the leather tanning industry and changed no article of the parent regulation.[25] Permen LHK 16/2019, the second, replaced the textile annex and gave textile plants already operating periods of three months to one year to meet the new limits for colour, suspended solids and oxygen demand.[26] The textile standard was then taken out of the general regulation altogether by Permen LH 12/2025, which sets twelve limits for textile activities, three of them graded by the daily volume of wastewater, and a mass-balance calculation for plants that treat textile wastewater together with other wastewater.[27][28]

Sector standards outside the general regulation

Several sectors have standards in regulations of their own. Permen LH 9/2006 sets separate maximum concentrations for wastewater from nickel ore mining and from ore processing, prohibits meeting them by dilution, and requires a studied and permitted point of compliance.[29][30] Permen LH 3/2010 sets the standard for industrial estates that treat their tenants' wastewater in a central plant, expressed both as concentrations of sixteen parameters and as a maximum volume per hectare of occupied land.[31] Permen LH 19/2010 covers oil and gas exploration and production, geothermal energy, refining, integrated LNG and LPG plants, and oil installations, depots and terminals, each with its own annex of limits.[32] The mining and petroleum standards also belong to the rules surveyed at mining and energy regulation in Indonesia.

Permen LHK 5/2022 is a technology standard rather than a limit table: it allows, without requiring, coal, lignite, iron and other metal ore mines to treat their wastewater in constructed wetlands (lahan basah buatan), sets requirements for the location, facilities and monitoring of such a system, and attaches its own effluent limits.[33][34] It was issued, like the 2025 standards, to implement Pasal 162 huruf b of PP 22/2021.[35] CRPG's regulatory tracker analysed the constructed-wetland option in November 2025.[36]

Domestic wastewater

Domestic wastewater received a dedicated standard in Permen LHK 68/2016, which took over the domestic provisions of the 2014 regulation, obliged every business or activity producing domestic wastewater to treat it, set a single table of eight limits for standalone treatment, and required watertight treatment installations and sewers.[37][38] Its limits included 30 mg/L for biochemical oxygen demand, 100 mg/L for chemical oxygen demand and 3,000 per 100 mL for total coliform.[39] CRPG's regulatory tracker published a series of analyses of the 2016 regulation in November 2025, after its revocation.[40]

Permen LH 11/2025, signed on 4 September 2025 and in force on its promulgation on 9 September 2025, revoked the 2016 regulation.[4:1] It imposes a dual obligation: domestic wastewater treated before release must satisfy both quality standards and technology standards. Limits for discharge to a water body are graded by the volume of wastewater an activity produces, and installations producing no more than 3 cubic metres a day must be watertight, sized for a retention time of at least three days, and may not discharge by infiltration.[5:1][41] The regulation places desludging obligations on the generator of the wastewater, requires a grease separator wherever domestic wastewater contains oil and fat, has both obligations written into the environmental approval or the SPPL statement, and gives activities already operating until 9 September 2027 to conform.[42][43] It also revoked the provisions on domestic and sanitary wastewater in Permen LH 19/2010.[44] The tracker's analyses of the 2025 domestic and textile standards appeared between November 2025 and February 2026.[45] How these rules apply to household septic tanks, and their relation to the national septic-tank design standard, is described at septic tank regulation in Indonesia.

Approvals and licensing

The wastewater discharge permit procedures were replaced in 2021 by a two-step approval under Permen LHK 5/2021, signed and promulgated on 1 April 2021.[46] An activity that must prepare an environmental impact assessment (Amdal) or environmental management and monitoring efforts (UKL-UPL) and that discharges or uses wastewater must hold a technical approval (Persetujuan Teknis) and an operational worthiness letter (Surat Kelayakan Operasional, SLO). The technical approval is a condition for, and becomes part of, the environmental approval and the business licence; the SLO is the basis for starting operations and for supervising compliance.[6:1][47][48] The regulation revoked the earlier permit procedures for discharge to the sea, for injection in upstream oil, gas and geothermal activities and for land application of palm-oil mill effluent, together with Lampiran V of Permen LH 1/2010.[49] CRPG's regulatory tracker analysed the permits needed before discharging industrial wastewater in November 2025.[50]

The approval is tied to business licensing by Peraturan Pemerintah 28/2025, in force from 5 June 2025, which makes the environmental approval (Persetujuan Lingkungan) one of three basic requirements for a business licence, with spatial conformity and the building approval, and requires a business that will construct a building to hold both the environmental approval and the building approval.[51][7:1][52] For activities that need an Amdal or UKL-UPL, a technical approval that may cover compliance with wastewater quality standards is an administrative condition of the application for environmental approval.[53] The wider approval system is surveyed at environmental approval in Indonesia.

Monitoring and competence

Permen LHK 93/2018, promulgated on 6 September 2018, requires designated industries to monitor their wastewater continuously and online through a system known by the acronym Sparing, and sets rules on the installation of equipment, the validity of data, supplementary manual monitoring and reporting to the national and regional governments.[54][55] Permen LHK 80/2019 amended it in October 2019, reducing the list of obliged sectors from fourteen to twelve, restating the technical specification for monitoring devices and replacing the three technical annexes.[56] CRPG's regulatory tracker analysed the obligation in November 2025.[57]

Staff responsible for water pollution control have been subject to certification since 2009. Permen LH 3/2009 set up a certification scheme and a national competency standard for water pollution control managers, with certificates valid for five years.[58][59] It was replaced by Permen LHK 5/2018, which sets competence standards for two positions, the person responsible for operating wastewater treatment and the person responsible for water pollution control, requires both to be certified after a test by a licensed professional certification body, and gave every business with a wastewater treatment installation three years to employ certified personnel.[60][61]

Sanitation services and infrastructure

The planning of drinking water and sanitation infrastructure has been linked since Permen PU 18/2007 on the development of drinking water supply systems, whose Pasal 27 requires water supply development to be integrated with wastewater and solid waste infrastructure from the master plan through operation and maintenance, and at a minimum at the planning stage.[62] The requirement was restated at the level of a government regulation by PP 122/2015.[3:2]

Instruksi Presiden 1/2024, issued on 29 January 2024, instructed ministers, governors, regents and mayors to expand piped water through house connections and to expand centralised (SPALD-T) and on-site (SPALD-S) domestic wastewater services from existing faecal sludge treatment plants (Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja, IPLT).[63][8:1] It assigned supervision of the effluent quality of domestic wastewater treatment plants and IPLT to the environment minister, and instructed regents and mayors, among other things, to set charges or tariffs for wastewater services.[64][65] National strategic area spatial plans include wastewater management in the urban infrastructure networks they plan: the plans for the Palembang urban area, Perpres 23/2024, and for the Banjarbakula metropolitan area of South Kalimantan, Perpres 85/2024, each list drinking water supply, drainage, wastewater management, hazardous waste management and solid waste management as parts of that network.[66][67]

Rainwater drainage, which the building regulations count among the requirements of a building's sanitation system, is governed on building plots by Permen PU 11/2014. Regency and city governments set a mandatory rainwater-management status for each building, meeting it in the technical plan is a prerequisite for the building permit, and the working order of the rainwater facilities is a prerequisite for the certificate of fitness for use.[68][69] The legal framework for water and sanitation services run by communities was the subject of AIIRA, a CRPG research project with the University of Dundee's UNESCO Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science, whose fieldwork took place in East Nusa Tenggara and East Java.[70]

No statute governs sanitation services as such. The bill on drinking water and sanitation (Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Pengelolaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi), a DPR proposal recorded in DPR's legislative information system as dated 27 November 2025, was at the drafting stage in September 2026, with three sittings of DPR's legislation committee between June and August 2026.[9:1] The piped-water side of the same services is surveyed at drinking water supply regulation in Indonesia.

Supervision and enforcement

Supervision and administrative sanctions across the environmental field are governed by Permen LH 6/2026, in force from 15 June 2026. A violation of moderate or serious level may be stopped on the spot, for example by closing or dismantling a wastewater outlet, and exceeding wastewater standards is one of the categories of violation for which government coercion is imposed together with an administrative fine.[71][72][73] Laboratory capacity for environmental monitoring sits partly in the health portfolio: the charter of the Ministry of Health's large environmental health laboratories was amended by Permenkes 9/2026, in force from 18 June 2026.[74]

See also

Part of a series on Wastewater and sanitation regulation in Indonesia
AIIRA · Inpres 1/2024 · Permen LH 11/2025 · Permen LH 12/2025 · Permen LH 19/2010 · Permen LH 26/2012 · Permen LH 3/2010 · Permen LH 9/2006 · Permen LHK 16/2019 · Permen LHK 21/2018 · Permen LHK 5/2014 · Permen LHK 5/2018 · Permen LHK 5/2021 · Permen LHK 5/2022 · Permen LHK 68/2016 · Permen LHK 80/2019 · Permen LHK 93/2018 · Permen PU 11/2014 · Permen PUPR 21/2021 · PP 28/2025 · Septic tank regulation in Indonesia · Water and sanitation bill of Indonesia
Identifiers Know ID K3
Categories Sanitation in Indonesia · Environmental law of Indonesia
What links here (38)

References

  1. [P] UU 32/2009 as amended, Pasal 20 ayat (1) to (3). regulation_id UU_32_2009. ↩︎ ↩︎

  2. [P] PP 22/2021, Pasal 129 (government facilities for household wastewater and non-point runoff), Pasal 131 (wastewater quality standards by type of discharge), Pasal 132 (technology standards) and Pasal 138 ayat (1) and (2) (contents of the technical approval). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎ ↩︎

  3. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 1 (definitions of SPAL and of Menteri, the minister for public works), Pasal 33 ayat (1) to (3) (integration of SPAM with sanitation, comprising SPAL and waste management, at least in the master plan) and Pasal 34 ayat (1) to (3) (domestic wastewater by Peraturan Menteri; non-domestic wastewater by regulation of the environment minister). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  4. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup/Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup No. 11 Tahun 2025 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah dan Standar Teknologi Pengolahan Air Limbah untuk Air Limbah Domestik. Signed 4 September 2025; promulgated 9 September 2025, Berita Negara 2025 No. 678; in force on promulgation (Pasal 15); Pasal 14 huruf a revokes Permen LHK P.68/2016. regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025; promulgation date legible in regulation_id PERMEN_LH_11_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/345620/permen-lhbplh-no-11-tahun-2025 ↩︎ ↩︎

  5. [P] Permen LH 11/2025, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (4) and Pasal 3 (quality and technology standards both required). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025. ↩︎ ↩︎

  6. [P] Permen LHK 5/2021, Pasal 2 and Pasal 3 ayat (1) and (2). regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021. ↩︎ ↩︎

  7. [P] PP 28/2025, Pasal 12 ayat (1): "Persyaratan dasar sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 4 ayat (2) meliputi: a. KKPR; b. PL; dan c. PBG dan SLF." regulation_id PP_28_2025. ↩︎ ↩︎

  8. [P] Inpres 1/2024, diktum KESATU angka 1 to 5. regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. ↩︎ ↩︎

  9. [P] Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, SIMASLEG record for RUU id 842, RUU tentang Pengelolaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi (proposer DPR, tanggalPengusulan 27 November 2025; rekam jejak entries from 30 January to 24 August 2026), retrieved from DPR's public service on 26 September 2026 and held in CRPG's LegisVault legislative database. https://www.dpr.go.id/kegiatan-dpr/fungsi-dpr/fungsi-legislasi/partisipasi-legislasi/detail/842 ↩︎ ↩︎

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  11. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, closing formula (Ditetapkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 2 Februari 2021), Lembaran Negara 2021 No. 32, TLN No. 6634. regulation_id PP_22_2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/161852/pp-no-22-tahun-2021 ↩︎

  12. [P] PP 22/2021, Pasal 107 (water bodies; stages), Pasal 108 (DAS and CAT; planning steps), Pasal 113 (groundwater and surface water standards; Lampiran VI), Pasal 114 (coordination), Pasal 115 (step-in) and Pasal 117 to 119 (national, provincial and district plans). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎

  13. [P] Permen LHK 5/2021, preamble, Menimbang (implementing Pasal 162 huruf b, Pasal 219 huruf e and Pasal 271 huruf g of PP 22/2021). regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021. ↩︎

  14. [P] Permen LH 11/2025, preamble, Menimbang huruf c (implementing Pasal 162 huruf b of PP 22/2021). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025. ↩︎

  15. [P] Permen LH 12/2025, preamble, Menimbang huruf a to c (implementing Pasal 162 huruf b of PP 22/2021). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_12_2025. ↩︎

  16. [E] "Wastewater Management Framework: Indonesia's Comprehensive Compliance Structure for Industrial and Commercial Effluent Control", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 14 December 2025. https://crpg.id/wastewater-management-framework-indonesias-comprehensive-compliance-structure-for-industrial-and-commercial-effluent-control/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  17. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 122 Tahun 2015 tentang Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, Menimbang (implementing Pasal 3, Pasal 7 and Pasal 10 of Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 1974 tentang Pengairan), Pasal 67 (in force on promulgation) and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 28 Desember 2015; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 28 Desember 2015). Lembaran Negara 2015 No. 345. regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎

  18. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah, Pasal 1 angka 1, 2 and 6 to 8, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (4), Pasal 19. regulation_id UU_18_2008. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/39067/uu-no-18-tahun-2008 ↩︎

  19. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 01 Tahun 2010 tentang Tata Laksana Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 14 Januari 2010). regulation_id PERMENLH_1_2010. ↩︎

  20. [P] Permen LH 1/2010, Pasal 2, Pasal 3, Pasal 7 to Pasal 15 and Pasal 22 to Pasal 24. regulation_id PERMENLH_1_2010. ↩︎

  21. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah, Pasal 18 and closing formula (signed in Jakarta on 15 October 2014; promulgated on 25 October 2014). Berita Negara 2014 No. 1815. regulation_id PERMENLH_5_2014. ↩︎

  22. [P] Permen LH 5/2014, Pasal 3 ayat (1) to (3), Pasal 14 ayat (1) and (2) and Pasal 17 (twenty instruments revoked). regulation_id PERMENLH_5_2014. ↩︎

  23. [P] Permen LH 5/2014, Pasal 2, Pasal 4 ayat (1) to (6) and Pasal 5. regulation_id PERMENLH_5_2014. ↩︎

  24. [P] Permen LH 5/2014, Pasal 16 (format in Lampiran XLVIII). regulation_id PERMENLH_5_2014. ↩︎

  25. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.21/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/7/2018 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah, Pasal I and Pasal II. Berita Negara 2018 No. 926. regulation_id PERMENLHK_21_2018. ↩︎

  26. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.16/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/4/2019 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah, Pasal I angka 1 and 2 (Pasal 16A; Lampiran XLII) and Pasal II. Berita Negara 2019 No. 433. regulation_id PERMENLHK_16_2019. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/286527/permen-lhk-no-16-tahun-2019 ↩︎

  27. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup/Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 12 Tahun 2025 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah bagi Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan Tekstil, Pasal 5 huruf a and b, revoking Pasal 16A and Lampiran XLII of Permen LH 5/2014 as last amended by Permen LHK P.16/2019. regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_12_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/345623/permen-lhbplh-no-12-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  28. [P] Permen LH 12/2025, Lampiran I (standalone treatment) and Lampiran II (integrated treatment; mass-balance calculation). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_12_2025. ↩︎

  29. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 09 Tahun 2006 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah bagi Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan Pertambangan Bijih Nikel, Lampiran (table of maximum concentrations for penambangan and pengolahan, and its notes); closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 September 2006). regulation_id PERMENLH_09_2006. ↩︎

  30. [P] Permen LH 9/2006, Pasal 7, Pasal 10 huruf a to c and Pasal 11. regulation_id PERMENLH_09_2006. ↩︎

  31. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 03 Tahun 2010 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah bagi Kawasan Industri, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (3) and Lampiran; closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 18 Januari 2010). regulation_id PERMENLH_3_2010. ↩︎

  32. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 19 Tahun 2010 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah bagi Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan Minyak dan Gas serta Panas Bumi, Pasal 1 angka 1 and 6 and Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (3). Berita Negara 2010 No. 582. regulation_id PERMENLH_19_2010. ↩︎

  33. [P] Permen LHK 5/2022, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (6). regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2022. ↩︎

  34. [P] Permen LHK 5/2022, Pasal 3 to Pasal 8 and Pasal 10 to Pasal 18. regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2022. ↩︎

  35. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 5 Tahun 2022 tentang Pengolahan Air Limbah bagi Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan Pertambangan dengan Menggunakan Metode Lahan Basah Buatan, closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 25 Maret 2022; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 5 April 2022), Berita Negara 2022 No. 374. regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2022. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/210853/permen-lhk-no-5-tahun-2022 ↩︎

  36. [E] "Can Mining Wastewater Be Treated With Artificial Wetlands?", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/can-mining-wastewater-be-treated-with-artificial-wetlands/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  37. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.68/MENLHK-SETJEN/2016 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik, Pasal 3 ayat (1) to (5), Pasal 4 ayat (1) to (4) and Lampiran I. Berita Negara 2016 No. 1323. regulation_id PERMENLHK_68_2016. ↩︎

  38. [P] Permen LHK 68/2016, Pasal 13 huruf b (domestic provisions of Permen LH 5/2014). regulation_id PERMENLHK_68_2016. ↩︎

  39. [P] Permen LHK 68/2016, Lampiran I (baku mutu air limbah domestik tersendiri: BOD 30 mg/L, COD 100 mg/L, TSS 30 mg/L, oil and grease 5 mg/L, ammonia 10 mg/L, total coliform 3,000 per 100 mL). regulation_id PERMENLHK_68_2016. ↩︎

  40. [E] "1.0 Latar Belakang dan Konteks Regulasi", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/1-0-latar-belakang-dan-konteks-regulasi/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) (in Indonesian) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  41. [P] Permen LH 11/2025, Lampiran I (limits by type of release; the water-body table A.2 graded by volume class) and Lampiran III, section A.1 ("harus kedap air dan efluennya tidak boleh diresapkan"; volume calculated on a retention time of at least three days). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025. ↩︎

  42. [P] Permen LH 11/2025, Pasal 7, Pasal 8 (grease separator) and Pasal 9 ayat (1) (both written into the Persetujuan Lingkungan or SPPL). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025. ↩︎

  43. [P] Permen LH 11/2025, Pasal 12 ayat (1) to (3), read with Pasal 15. regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025. ↩︎

  44. [P] Permen LH 11/2025, Pasal 14 huruf b (provisions on domestic and sanitary wastewater in Lampiran I huruf A angka 3 and 4 of Permen LH 19/2010). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025. ↩︎

  45. [E] "What Domestic Wastewater Standards Apply Under PERMENKLHBPH 11/2025?", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025, https://crpg.id/what-domestic-wastewater-standards-apply-under-permenklhbph-11-2025/; "Textile Industry Wastewater Compliance: PERMEN LH 12/2025", 22 November 2025, https://crpg.id/textile-industry-wastewater-compliance-permen-lh-12-2025/; and "Volume-Based Domestic Wastewater Standards and 2-Year Transition: Permen LH 11/2025", 13 February 2026, https://crpg.id/what-are-indonesias-new-domestic-wastewater-quality-standards-under-permen-lh-11-2025/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id). The posts carry a notice that they are AI-generated; they are cited for the record of the development, not for their legal content. ↩︎

  46. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 5 Tahun 2021 tentang Tata Cara Penerbitan Persetujuan Teknis dan Surat Kelayakan Operasional Bidang Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan, Pasal 55 and closing formula (Ditetapkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 1 April 2021). Berita Negara 2021 No. 268. regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021. ↩︎

  47. [P] Permen LHK 5/2021, Pasal 14 ayat (1). regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021. ↩︎

  48. [P] Permen LHK 5/2021, Pasal 27 ayat (1). regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021. ↩︎

  49. [P] Permen LHK 5/2021, Pasal 54 (revoking Permen LH 12/2006 on discharge to the sea, Permen LH 13/2007 on injection in upstream oil, gas and geothermal activities, Lampiran V of Permen LH 1/2010, Permen LHK P.102/2018, and Kepmen LH 28/2003 and 29/2003 on land application of palm-oil mill effluent). regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2021. ↩︎

  50. [E] "What Permits Do You Need Before Discharging Industrial Wastewater?", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/what-permits-do-you-need-before-discharging-industrial-wastewater/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  51. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko, Pasal 552 and closing formula (Ditetapkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 5 Juni 2025; Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 98). regulation_id PP_28_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/319773/pp-no-28-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  52. [P] PP 28/2025, Pasal 4 ayat (2) and Pasal 11 ayat (3) ("wajib memiliki persyaratan dasar dalam bentuk PL dan PBG"). regulation_id PP_28_2025. ↩︎

  53. [P] PP 28/2025, Pasal 80 ayat (1) and ayat (2) huruf a ("pemenuhan baku mutu air limbah"). regulation_id PP_28_2025. ↩︎

  54. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.93/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/8/2018 tentang Pemantauan Kualitas Air Limbah secara Terus Menerus dan Dalam Jaringan bagi Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan, JDIH BPK: promulgated 6 September 2018, Berita Negara 2018 No. 1236. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/164071/permen-lhk-no-93-tahun-2018 ↩︎

  55. [P] Permen LHK 93/2018, Pasal 1 angka 2, Pasal 2 ayat (1) and (2) (original text), Pasal 5 to Pasal 8 and Pasal 10 to Pasal 12. regulation_id PERMENLHK_P.93_2018. ↩︎

  56. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.80/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/10/2019, Pasal I angka 1 to 6 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 18 Oktober 2019; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 16 Desember 2019), Berita Negara 2019 No. 1618. regulation_id PERMENLHK_80_2019. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/164069/permen-lhk-no-80-tahun-2019 ↩︎

  57. [E] "Does Your Factory Need Real-Time Wastewater Monitoring Systems?", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/does-your-factory-need-real-time-wastewater-monitoring-systems/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  58. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 03 Tahun 2009 tentang Sertifikasi Kompetensi dan Standar Kompetensi Manajer Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 23 Maret 2009) and Pasal 12. regulation_id PERMENLH_3_2009. ↩︎

  59. [P] Permen LH 3/2009, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (6) and Pasal 3 to Pasal 7. regulation_id PERMENLH_3_2009. ↩︎

  60. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.5/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/2/2018 tentang Standar dan Sertifikasi Kompetensi Penanggung Jawab Operasional Pengolahan Air Limbah dan Penanggung Jawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, Pasal 3 ayat (1) to (3) and Pasal 10 ayat (1) and (2). Berita Negara 2018 No. 306. regulation_id PERMENLHK_P.5_2018. ↩︎

  61. [P] Permen LHK P.5/2018, Pasal 12 (revoking Permen LH 3/2009). regulation_id PERMENLHK_P.5_2018. ↩︎

  62. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 18/PRT/M/2007 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, Pasal 27 ayat (1) to (4). regulation_id PERMEN_PU_18_2007. ↩︎

  63. [P] Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Percepatan Penyediaan Air Minum dan Layanan Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik, closing diktum ("mulai berlaku pada tanggal dikeluarkan") and closing formula (Dikeluarkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 29 Januari 2024). regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/276749/inpres-1-2024 ↩︎

  64. [P] Inpres 1/2024, diktum KEDUA angka 6. regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. ↩︎

  65. [P] Inpres 1/2024, diktum KEDUA angka 9 huruf a to n (huruf g on retribution and tariffs). regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. ↩︎

  66. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 23 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Perkotaan Palembang, Betung, Indralaya, dan Kayu Agung, Pasal 43 and Pasal 44. LN 2024/36. regulation_id PERPRES_23_2024. ↩︎

  67. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 85 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Perkotaan Metropolitan Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Banjar, Barito Kuala, dan Tanah Laut, Pasal 43 and Pasal 44. LN 2024/175. regulation_id PERPRES_85_2024. ↩︎

  68. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 11/PRT/M/2014 tentang Pengelolaan Air Hujan pada Bangunan Gedung dan Persilnya, preamble, Menimbang huruf a to d (including Pasal 42 of Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 36 Tahun 2005), and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 26 September 2014; Berita Negara 2014 No. 1394). regulation_id PERMENPUPR_11_2014. ↩︎

  69. [P] Permen PU 11/2014, Pasal 9 ayat (1) to (4) and Pasal 13 huruf a to c. regulation_id PERMENPUPR_11_2014. ↩︎

  70. [E] "AIIRA", CRPG, crpg.id, 17 December 2018. https://crpg.id/aiira/ CRPG's own project page, cited for the project's partners and fieldwork. ↩︎

  71. [P] Permen LH/BPLH No. 6 Tahun 2026 tentang Pengawasan dan Sanksi Administratif Bidang Lingkungan Hidup, JDIH BPK: enacted 25 May 2026, promulgated and in force 15 June 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 387. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/351291/permen-lhbplh-no-6-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  72. [P] Permen LH 6/2026, Pasal 26 and Pasal 27. regulation_id PERMENLH_6_2026. ↩︎

  73. [P] Permen LH 6/2026, Pasal 43 huruf a to g. regulation_id PERMENLH_6_2026. ↩︎

  74. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 9 Tahun 2026 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 27 Tahun 2023 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Balai Besar Laboratorium Kesehatan Lingkungan; signed 15 June 2026, promulgated 18 June 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 402. regulation_id PERMENKES_9_2026. ↩︎