This article was machine-drafted from the sources cited in its footnotes. It is not the official text of any law or court decision, and it is not legal advice (how articles are written).
Drinking water supply regulation in IndonesiaTopic
FieldDrinking water supply systems, operators, tariffs and quality
JurisdictionIndonesia
Principal instrumentsUU 17/2019; PP 122/2015; Permen PU 18/2007; Permenkes 2/2023; Permenperin 62/2024
Principal institutionsMinistry of Public Works; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Home Affairs; provincial, regency and city governments and their water enterprises (BUMD)

Drinking water supply regulation in Indonesia is the body of law that governs how drinking water is supplied to the public: who is responsible for providing it, which bodies may operate supply systems, how systems are planned, built and run, how tariffs are set, and what quality the water must meet. Its statutory base is Undang-Undang 17/2019 on water resources, which obliges the state to guarantee the right to water for minimum daily basic needs and gives priority in allocation to those needs and to business use that supplies them through a drinking water supply system.[1][2] The principal implementing instrument is Peraturan Pemerintah 122/2015 on drinking water supply systems (sistem penyediaan air minum, SPAM), which makes their provision the responsibility of the central and regional governments and has it carried out mainly through state-owned and regionally owned enterprises.[3][4]

The detailed rules are ministerial. The public works ministry sets the procedure for developing supply systems, from master planning through operation and performance monitoring, originally in Permen PU 18/2007; the health ministry sets the quality standard that drinking water must meet; the home affairs ministry regulates the calculation of tariffs by regional water enterprises; and the industry ministry makes the national standards for bottled water mandatory through Permenperin 62/2024.[5][6][7][8] Licences to operate supply systems are issued and supervised under the risk-based licensing regulation, PP 28/2025.[9][10]

In January 2024 Inpres 1/2024 instructed ministers and regional heads to accelerate the provision of drinking water and domestic wastewater services, chiefly through house connections to piped networks.[11] A bill on drinking water and sanitation, proposed by the House of Representatives in November 2025, was at the drafting stage in September 2026 and is described at water and sanitation bill of Indonesia.[12] The sanitation services that drinking water law requires supply to be integrated with are surveyed at wastewater and sanitation regulation in Indonesia.

Statutory basis

The field's statutory footing changed in 2015. In a decision of 18 February 2015 in case 85/PUU-XI/2013 the Constitutional Court removed the 2004 water resources law, and the 1974 irrigation law, Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 1974 tentang Pengairan, was revived in its place.[13] Peraturan Pemerintah 122/2015, signed and promulgated on 28 December 2015, was issued to implement Pasal 3, Pasal 7 and Pasal 10 of the 1974 law and to fulfil the state's responsibility for access to drinking water.[3:1]

Undang-Undang 17/2019, promulgated on 16 October 2019, replaced the 1974 law.[14] Pasal 6 obliges the state to guarantee the people's right to water for minimum daily basic needs, in sufficient quantity, of good quality, safe, sustained and affordable, and the elucidation fixes those needs at 60 litres per person per day.[1:1] Pasal 8 gives priority, beyond that minimum, to daily basic needs, to smallholder agriculture and to business use that supplies daily basic needs through a drinking water supply system, with daily basic needs first where water is insufficient.[2:1] The wider framework for the resource, including the licensing of abstraction, is surveyed at water resources law of Indonesia, and the recording of allocations and abstraction at water accounting in Indonesia.

Supply systems and operators

PP 122/2015 defines drinking water as household water, treated or untreated, that meets health requirements and can be drunk directly, and a SPAM as a single unit of infrastructure and facilities for providing it. Supply systems are either piped or non-piped.[15] Provision is the responsibility of the central and regional governments according to their authority; to carry it out they form state-owned or regionally owned enterprises (BUMN or BUMD), and outside the reach of those enterprises they may form technical implementation units (UPT or UPTD).[4:1] Systems may be operated by a BUMN or BUMD, a UPT or UPTD, a community group (kelompok masyarakat) or a business entity, and a BUMN or BUMD may cooperate with a private business.[4:2]

Provinces set provincial policy and strategy and cross-district master plans, license business entities and supervise districts; regencies and cities set their own policy, strategy and master plans, operate supply in their territory, form BUMD or UPTD, record reports from community groups, license business entities and guarantee the availability of raw water.[16] A BUMN or BUMD must guarantee service that meets requirements of quality, quantity and continuity, serve customers who meet the conditions except in force majeure, report on its service and provide a complaints channel.[17]

Community-run systems have been the subject of CRPG research. KONEKSI, a 2023 to 2024 project coordinated by the University of Technology Sydney with Universitas Indonesia, Universitas Gadjah Mada and CRPG, examined the climate resilience of community-based rural water supply, with CRPG reviewing national and local regulation; its climate focus also places it within carbon trading and climate regulation in Indonesia.[18] AIIRA, an earlier CRPG project with the University of Dundee's UNESCO Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science, assessed the regulatory framework for community-based water and sanitation, with fieldwork in East Nusa Tenggara and East Java.[19]

Planning, development and integration with sanitation

PP 122/2015 bases the provision of supply on policies and strategies set every five years by the minister, governors and regents or mayors, and on master plans (Rencana Induk SPAM) that run for fifteen to twenty years and are reviewed every five years.[20] It requires supply to be integrated with sanitation, meaning wastewater management systems and solid waste management, at least when master plans are prepared, in order to prevent the pollution of raw water; the waste side is surveyed at solid waste management law of Indonesia.[21]

Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum 18/2007, signed on 6 June 2007 to implement the 2005 government regulation on water supply systems, organises the life of a supply system into planning, construction, management, maintenance and rehabilitation, and monitoring and evaluation, each with a technical annex.[22][5:1] It requires a master plan subject to public consultation, full service twenty-four hours a day, metering of every unit and monthly performance reporting, and its Pasal 27 requires supply to be integrated with wastewater and solid waste infrastructure.[23][24] The Minister of Public Works and Public Housing issued a further regulation on the administration of drinking water supply systems, 27/PRT/M/2016, in August 2016.[25] The integration requirement connects supply planning with the rules on household septic tanks, surveyed at septic tank regulation in Indonesia; the 2025 domestic wastewater standard requires small septic installations to be watertight and forbids their effluent from seeping into the ground.[26]

Supply networks also appear in spatial plans. The national strategic area plans for the Palembang urban area, Perpres 23/2024, and for the Banjarbakula metropolitan area of South Kalimantan, Perpres 85/2024, include drinking water supply systems in their urban infrastructure networks and name the supply systems serving each area; the plan for the Subak landscape of Bali, Perpres 123/2024, includes piped drinking water supply in its settlement infrastructure network.[27][28][29]

Tariffs and financing

Under PP 122/2015 financing is the responsibility of the central and regional governments, drawn from national and regional budgets, the enterprises themselves, community funds and other lawful sources; national budget funds are for cross-provincial and national strategic supply, and may also be used in emergencies, to meet minimum service standards and for low-income communities.[30] The tariff is the charge a customer pays for each use of water supplied by a BUMN, BUMD or UPT. It must be calculated on the principles of affordability and fairness, service quality, cost recovery, efficient use of water, transparency and accountability, and protection of raw water; its structure must keep basic daily needs affordable for low-income households and must include progressive tariffs to cross-subsidise between customer groups.[7:1] A BUMD tariff is proposed by the enterprise's directors to its supervisory board and then submitted to the regional head for decision, and the calculation is regulated by the home affairs minister.[7:2]

CRPG reported in December 2025 and January 2026 on a multi-stakeholder forum on the financing of water, sanitation and hygiene held in December 2025, at which participants discussed reductions in fiscal transfers to the regions for 2026, a proposed national water regulatory body and the consolidation of regional water utilities.[31][32]

Quality standards

The quality of drinking water is a health matter. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan 2/2023, signed on 4 January 2023 to implement the 2014 government regulation on environmental health, sets environmental health quality standards (Standar Baku Mutu Kesehatan Lingkungan, SBMKL) and health requirements for drinking water, for water for hygiene and sanitation, and for recreational water, made up of physical, biological, chemical and radioactive elements.[33][6:1] Every producer, provider or operator of drinking water must ensure that the water it supplies meets them.[6:2] The regulation revoked the 2010 health ministry regulations on drinking water quality requirements and on the supervision of drinking water quality, and the 2014 regulation on the hygiene of drinking water refill depots.[34]

Packaged drinking water is regulated as an industrial product. Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian 62/2024, promulgated on 18 October 2024, makes the Indonesian National Standards for five kinds of packaged drinking water mandatory for every business that produces, imports or distributes them, with compliance shown by a product certificate issued after a factory audit and testing, a ministry approval to use the SNI mark, and annual surveillance.[35][8:1][36] It replaced the 2016 mandatory standard for four kinds of bottled water.[37]

Licensing and supervision

Peraturan Pemerintah 28/2025, in force from 5 June 2025, places the licensing of water supply within the public works and housing sector of the risk-based licensing system, and provides for the supervision of licences to operate a drinking water supply system. A licence holder that breaches its licence may be warned in writing, have its activity suspended, or have the licence frozen or revoked.[38][39][9:1][10:1] Under PP 122/2015, where a BUMN or BUMD fails to meet its performance targets the minister, governor, or regent or mayor may temporarily take over its management by appointing a management unit.[40]

Acceleration and reform

Instruksi Presiden 1/2024, issued on 29 January 2024, is addressed to six ministers, the head of the Finance and Development Supervisory Agency, and all governors, regents and mayors. It divides the work between the planning ministry, which coordinates and selects activities, the public works ministry, which builds infrastructure and hands it over, and the regional governments, which receive, operate and finance it; governors are to accelerate rules restricting the use of groundwater where piped water is available, a point at which supply policy meets groundwater regulation in Indonesia.[41][42][43] The health minister is to guide and monitor regional drinking water quality surveillance.[44]

The bill on drinking water and sanitation (Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Pengelolaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi) is a DPR proposal recorded in DPR's legislative information system as dated 27 November 2025. Its record showed expert discussions and public consultations in February and March 2026 and three sittings of DPR's legislation committee between June and August 2026; the record retrieved on 26 September 2026 showed no filed draft text.[12:1]

See also

Part of a series on Drinking water supply regulation in Indonesia
AIIRA · KONEKSI · Permen PU 18/2007 · Permenperin 62/2024 · PP 28/2025 · Septic tank regulation in Indonesia · Water and sanitation bill of Indonesia
Identifiers Know ID K4
Categories Water supply in Indonesia · Water law of Indonesia
What links here (19)

References

  1. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 5, Pasal 6 with its elucidation (60 litres per person per day), and Pasal 7. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎ ↩︎

  2. [P] UU 17/2019, Pasal 8 ayat (1) to (7). regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎ ↩︎

  3. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 122 Tahun 2015 tentang Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, Menimbang (implementing Pasal 3, Pasal 7 and Pasal 10 of Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 1974 tentang Pengairan and fulfilling the state's responsibility for access to drinking water), Pasal 67 (in force on promulgation) and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 28 Desember 2015; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 28 Desember 2015). Lembaran Negara 2015 No. 345. regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎ ↩︎

  4. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 36 ayat (1) to (5) (responsibility of the central and regional governments; BUMN and BUMD; UPT and UPTD) and Pasal 42 ayat (1) and (2) (operators; cooperation with private business). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  5. [P] Permen PU 18/PRT/M/2007, Pasal 2 and Pasal 3; Pasal 14, 20, 26, 34, 43, 53 and 61 (annexes I to VII). regulation_id PERMEN_PU_18_2007. ↩︎ ↩︎

  6. [P] Permenkes 2/2023, Pasal 1 angka 4 (Air Minum), Pasal 4 ayat (4) (duty of every producer, provider or operator of drinking water) and Pasal 5 ayat (1) to (4) (SBMKL and health requirements for water media). regulation_id PERMENKES_2_2023. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  7. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 57 ayat (1) to (6) (tariff; principles; components; structure; progressive tariffs and cross-subsidy), Pasal 58 ayat (1) to (5) (proposal by directors to the supervisory board; decision by the minister or the regional head) and Pasal 59 (subsidies and tariff calculation regulated by the minister for home affairs). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  8. [P] Permenperin 62/2024, Pasal 1 angka 2 to 7 and Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (7). regulation_id PERMENPERIN_62_2024. ↩︎ ↩︎

  9. [P] PP 28/2025, Pasal 287. regulation_id PP_28_2025. ↩︎ ↩︎

  10. [P] PP 28/2025, Pasal 443 ayat (1). regulation_id PP_28_2025. ↩︎ ↩︎

  11. [P] Inpres 1/2024, diktum KESATU angka 1 to 5. regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. ↩︎

  12. [P] Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, SIMASLEG record for RUU id 842, RUU tentang Pengelolaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi (proposer DPR, tanggalPengusulan 27 November 2025; rekam jejak entries from 30 January to 24 August 2026), retrieved from DPR's public service on 26 September 2026 and held in CRPG's LegisVault legislative database. https://www.dpr.go.id/kegiatan-dpr/fungsi-dpr/fungsi-legislasi/partisipasi-legislasi/detail/842 ↩︎ ↩︎

  13. [P] UU 17/2019, Penjelasan Umum (reviews in cases 058-059-060-063/PUU-II/2004, 008/PUU-III/2005 of 19 July 2005 and 85/PUU-XI/2013 of 18 February 2015; revocation of UU 7/2004 and revival of UU 11/1974 tentang Pengairan). The held text also cites the decisive decision as 85/PUU-IX/2013; 85/PUU-XI/2013 is the conventional citation. regulation_id UU_17_2019. ↩︎

  14. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2019 tentang Sumber Daya Air, closing formula (Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2019; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 16 Oktober 2019); Lembaran Negara 2019 No. 190, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 6405. regulation_id UU_17_2019. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/122742/uu-no-17-tahun-2019 ↩︎

  15. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 1 (definitions of Air Minum and SPAM) and Pasal 3 (piped and non-piped SPAM). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎

  16. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 39 (provincial governments) and Pasal 40 (regency and city governments). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎

  17. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 45 (obligations of BUMN and BUMD). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎

  18. [E] "KONEKSI", CRPG, crpg.id, 25 July 2023. https://crpg.id/koneksi/ CRPG's own project page, cited for the project's stated design and partners. ↩︎

  19. [E] "AIIRA", CRPG, crpg.id, 17 December 2018. https://crpg.id/aiira/ CRPG's own project page, cited for the project's partners and fieldwork. ↩︎

  20. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 19 to Pasal 21 (policy and strategy set every five years by the minister, governors and regents or mayors; master plans) and Pasal 23 ayat (1) and (2) (master plan of fifteen to twenty years, reviewed every five years). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎

  21. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 33 ayat (1) to (3). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎

  22. [P] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 18/PRT/M/2007 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, Pasal 62, Pasal 63 ayat (1) and (2) and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 6 Juni 2007); considerations (Menimbang: implementing Peraturan Pemerintah 16/2005). regulation_id PERMEN_PU_18_2007. ↩︎

  23. [P] Permen PU 18/PRT/M/2007, Pasal 5 to Pasal 10, Pasal 35, Pasal 38 ayat (1), Pasal 39 and Pasal 54 to Pasal 60. regulation_id PERMEN_PU_18_2007. ↩︎

  24. [P] Permen PU 18/PRT/M/2007, Pasal 27 ayat (1) to (4). regulation_id PERMEN_PU_18_2007. ↩︎

  25. [P] Permen PUPR No. 27/PRT/M/2016 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, JDIH BPK (dates of enactment and promulgation; Berita Negara 2016 No. 1154). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/104463/permen-pupr-no-27prtm2016-tahun-2016 ↩︎

  26. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup/Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup No. 11 Tahun 2025, Lampiran III, section A.1 ("harus kedap air dan efluennya tidak boleh diresapkan"). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/345620/permen-lhbplh-no-11-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  27. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 23 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Perkotaan Palembang, Betung, Indralaya, dan Kayu Agung, Pasal 43 and Pasal 44. LN 2024/36. regulation_id PERPRES_23_2024. ↩︎

  28. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 85 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Perkotaan Metropolitan Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Banjar, Barito Kuala, dan Tanah Laut, Pasal 43 and Pasal 44. LN 2024/175. regulation_id PERPRES_85_2024. ↩︎

  29. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 123 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional Kawasan Lanskap Subak-Bali, Pasal 21 and Pasal 22. LN 2024/224. regulation_id PERPRES_123_2024. ↩︎

  30. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 54 ayat (1) to (5). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎

  31. [E] "Budget Politics of Indonesia's WASH Sector: Current Realities and Future Prospects", CRPG, crpg.id, 24 December 2025. https://crpg.id/budget-politics-of-indonesias-wash-sector-current-realities-and-future-prospects/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the forum, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  32. [E] "Transformation of Indonesia's Water Services: 7 Things You Should Know", CRPG, crpg.id, 6 January 2026. https://crpg.id/transformation-of-indonesias-water-services-7-things-you-should-know/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the forum, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  33. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 2 Tahun 2023 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 66 Tahun 2014 tentang Kesehatan Lingkungan, Pasal 2, Pasal 52 (in force on promulgation) and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 4 Januari 2023; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 12 Januari 2023). regulation_id PERMENKES_2_2023. ↩︎

  34. [P] Permenkes 2/2023, Pasal 51 huruf h (Permenkes 492/Menkes/PER/IV/2010 tentang Persyaratan Kualitas Air Minum), huruf i (Permenkes 736/Menkes/PER/VI/2010 tentang Tata Laksana Pengawasan Kualitas Air Minum) and huruf n (Permenkes 43/2014 tentang Higiene Sanitasi Depot Air Minum). regulation_id PERMENKES_2_2023. ↩︎

  35. [P] Permenperin No. 62 Tahun 2024 tentang Pemberlakuan Standar Nasional Indonesia untuk Air Minum dalam Kemasan secara Wajib, JDIH BPK (date of promulgation 18 October 2024; Berita Negara 2024 No. 746). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/308193/permenperin-no-62-tahun-2024 ↩︎

  36. [P] Permenperin 62/2024, Pasal 6 to Pasal 9, Pasal 30 to Pasal 32 and Pasal 40 to Pasal 42. regulation_id PERMENPERIN_62_2024. ↩︎

  37. [P] Permenperin 62/2024, Pasal 54, Pasal 55 and Pasal 57. regulation_id PERMENPERIN_62_2024. ↩︎

  38. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko, Pasal 552 and closing formula (Ditetapkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 5 Juni 2025; Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 98). regulation_id PP_28_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/319773/pp-no-28-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  39. [P] PP 28/2025, Pasal 158 ayat (1). regulation_id PP_28_2025. ↩︎

  40. [P] PP 122/2015, Pasal 62 ayat (3), on the temporary take-over of management where a BUMN or BUMD fails to meet its performance ("Dalam hal BUMN atau BUMD tidak mampu memenuhi kinerja yang ditetapkan, Menteri, gubernur, atau bupati/walikota sesuai dengan kewenangannya dapat mengambil alih tanggung jawab pengelolaan sementara dengan menunjuk unit pengelola Penyelenggaraan SPAM"). regulation_id PP_122_2015. ↩︎

  41. [P] Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Percepatan Penyediaan Air Minum dan Layanan Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik, list of addressees (Kepada angka 1 to 9) and closing formula (Dikeluarkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 29 Januari 2024). regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/276749/inpres-1-2024 ↩︎

  42. [P] Inpres 1/2024, diktum KEDUA (instructions to the planning minister, the public works minister, governors and regents and mayors). regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. ↩︎

  43. [P] Inpres 1/2024, diktum KEDUA angka 8 huruf a to d. regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. ↩︎

  44. [P] Inpres 1/2024, diktum KEDUA angka 5 huruf a to d. regulation_id INPRES_1_2024. ↩︎