This article was machine-drafted from the sources cited in its footnotes. It is not the official text of any law or court decision, and it is not legal advice (how articles are written).
Mining and energy regulation in IndonesiaTopic
FieldEnergy and mining law
JurisdictionIndonesia
Principal instrumentsUndang-Undang 4/2009 on mineral and coal mining, as last amended by Undang-Undang 2/2025; Undang-Undang 22/2001 on oil and natural gas; Undang-Undang 30/2007 on energy; Undang-Undang 30/2009 on electricity; Undang-Undang 21/2014 on geothermal energy
Principal institutionsMinistry of Energy and Mineral Resources; National Energy Council (Dewan Energi Nasional); PT PLN (Persero)

Mining and energy regulation in Indonesia is the body of Indonesian law that governs the extraction of minerals and coal, the oil and natural gas business, the supply of electricity, new and renewable energy, energy conservation, and the planning of the country's energy supply. Its principal statutes are Undang-Undang 4/2009 on mineral and coal mining, amended several times, the fourth time by Undang-Undang 2/2025; Undang-Undang 22/2001 on oil and natural gas; Undang-Undang 30/2007 on energy; Undang-Undang 30/2009 on electricity; and Undang-Undang 21/2014 on geothermal energy.[1][2][3][4][5] The mining and oil and gas statutes both describe their resources as non-renewable natural wealth controlled by the state, and the oil and gas statute names Pasal 33 of the 1945 Constitution among its bases.[6][2:1]

Most of the field's detailed rules are made by the executive. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, organised by Perpres 169/2024, has functions spanning oil and gas, electricity, minerals and coal, new and renewable energy, energy conservation and geology, and issues most of the instruments surveyed here as ministerial regulations and decisions.[7] The national energy policy is set by the government with the approval of the House of Representatives on a design prepared by the National Energy Council (Dewan Energi Nasional), which the President chairs; the policy of 2014 was replaced in September 2025 by PP 40/2025, which adds net zero emissions in 2060 to its aims.[8][9]

The sections below survey the field by sub-field: energy policy and planning; minerals and coal, including the three decisions of July 2026 in which the Constitutional Court reviewed the priority award of mining areas; oil, gas and fuel; electricity and renewable energy; energy conservation; the licensing standards of the sector; the environmental and water standards that apply to extractive activities; and the ministry itself. CRPG's regulatory tracker reported most of the instruments between November 2025 and September 2026.[10]

Undang-Undang 4/2009 on mineral and coal mining has been amended several times. Its fourth amendment, Undang-Undang 2/2025, signed and promulgated on 19 March 2025, amended the statute as it stood after the job-creation law, Undang-Undang 6/2023.[1:1] Its first amendment, Undang-Undang 3/2020, recast Pasal 4 so that minerals and coal, as non-renewable national wealth, are controlled by the state for the greatest welfare of the people, a control exercised by the central government.[6:1] As amended in 2025, Pasal 35(1) provides that mining business is carried out on the basis of a business licence from the central government.[11]

Undang-Undang 22/2001 on oil and natural gas describes oil and gas in its preamble as strategic, non-renewable natural resources controlled by the state and as commodities that affect the lives of many people (menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak). The consolidated text held in CRPG's regulation vault records its amendment by the 2022 job-creation regulation in lieu of law and two Constitutional Court decisions on it, 002/PUU-I/2003 and 36/PUU-X/2012.[2:2]

Undang-Undang 30/2007 on energy, signed and promulgated on 10 August 2007, is the framework statute for energy policy. Pasal 11 defines the national energy policy as covering the availability of energy for national needs, development priorities, the use of national energy resources and the national energy buffer reserve, and requires it to be set by the government with the approval of the House of Representatives. Pasal 12 creates the National Energy Council, chaired by the President, to design that policy, set the national general energy plan, set measures for energy crises and emergencies, and oversee cross-sectoral energy policy; Pasal 17 requires the general plan to be prepared on the basis of the policy.[3:1][8:1]

Undang-Undang 30/2009 on electricity, signed and promulgated on 23 September 2009, placed electricity supply under the control of the state, exercised by the central and regional governments. In its 2009 text the business is carried out by state-owned and regional enterprises, with private businesses, cooperatives and community groups able to take part, and a state-owned enterprise has first priority in supplying electricity for the public interest.[4:1] Undang-Undang 21/2014 on geothermal energy, signed and promulgated on 17 September 2014, replaced the geothermal law of 2003.[5:1]

Energy policy and planning

The energy statute is implemented through a national energy policy, a national general energy plan and an energy buffer reserve. PP 79/2014 set the national energy policy for 2014 to 2050, aiming at energy independence and energy security and treating energy resources as capital for national development rather than as export commodities; its targets were that new and renewable energy supply at least 23 per cent of primary energy in 2025 and 31 per cent in 2050.[12] The national general energy plan built on that policy was adopted in March 2017 by Perpres 22/2017, a short regulation of seven articles that attaches the plan to 2050 as annexes and assigns its dissemination, supervision and review to the National Energy Council.[13]

PP 40/2025, signed and promulgated on 15 September 2025, revoked PP 79/2014 and set the national energy policy up to 2060. It adds the decarbonisation of the energy sector and net zero emissions in 2060 to the aims of the earlier policy, sets a share of new and renewable energy in the primary energy mix rising from 19 to 23 per cent in 2030 to 70 to 72 per cent in 2060, and places the peak of energy-sector greenhouse gas emissions in 2035.[9:1]

The buffer reserve named in Pasal 11 of the energy statute is governed by Perpres 96/2024, signed on 2 September 2024. It makes the reserve an obligation of the central government, gives the National Energy Council the power to fix its type, amount, timing and location and the minister the task of managing it, and names gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas and crude oil as the commodities to be held, with quantities to be reached by 2035.[14]

Minerals and coal

Licensing and constitutional review

The 2025 amendment of the mining statute allowed mining business licence areas (wilayah izin usaha pertambangan, WIUP) and special permits to be awarded by priority as an alternative to auction. Three decisions of the Constitutional Court pronounced on 16 July 2026, surveyed at constitutional review in Indonesia, addressed that scheme and the licensing basis of the industry. In Decision 160/PUU-XXIII/2025 the Court held the priority phrases in Pasal 51, 51A, 60, 60A, 75 and 75A conditionally unconstitutional unless read to permit a priority award only on clear parameters, through an objective, transparent and accountable assessment, and not as direct appointment.[15] Decision 202/PUU-XXIII/2025 applied the same reading to the priority award of areas for downstream processing in Pasal 51B and 60B, read their reference to "domestic and/or global" supply chains as requiring domestic supply to be met first, and rejected the argument that private enterprises should be excluded.[16] Decision 184/PUU-XXIII/2025 rejected a challenge to Pasal 35(1), holding that licensing gives effect to the state's right of control under Pasal 33 of the Constitution better than a contract regime.[11:1]

Work plans, reclamation and revenue

A licence holder's annual work plan and budget (Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Biaya, RKAB) is governed by a ministerial regulation of 2025, which Permen ESDM 6/2026, signed on 8 June 2026, amended to make coal blending (pencampuran batubara) subject to the minister's prior approval and to add it to the matters covered in quarterly reports.[17] Reclamation and post-mining obligations are elaborated in the technical guidelines adopted by Kepmen ESDM 344.K/MB.01/MEM.B/2025, dated 23 October 2025, which cover reclamation and post-mining plans, reclamation cost standards, the reopening of reclaimed areas and the appointment of third parties, and require reclamation and post-mining guarantees to be held as time deposits in a state-owned bank.[18]

The Minister of Finance's PMK 3/2025 created two kinds of non-tax state revenue connected with the construction of domestic metal-mineral refining facilities: an administrative fine for delay in building a facility, and a good-faith guarantee set at five per cent of the value of mining products sold abroad; the field of such revenue is surveyed at public finance and non-tax revenue in Indonesia.[19] Mining in forest areas carries a separate levy. Under Permenhut 56/2008, the area covered by a forest-area borrow-use permit is divided into three categories by the permanence of its disturbance, and the annual non-tax revenue charged on it is calculated from each category's area, the tariff and a weighting; land whose reclamation is assessed as successful stops attracting the levy.[20]

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (pertambangan emas skala kecil) meets the control of hazardous substances in the use of mercury. The national action plan on the reduction and elimination of mercury, adopted by Peraturan Presiden 21/2019, set the elimination of mercury from small-scale gold mining by 2025 as one of its targets.[21] CRPG took part, with the reviews of the rules on the trade and distribution of mercury and on cinnabar mining that its project page describes, in Merkuri, a three-year project led by the Biodiversity Research Institute and the Nexus3 Foundation to support the government in restricting the supply of mercury.[22]

Exports and commodity governance

Exports of mining products meet rules of trade law surveyed at trade and commodity regulation in Indonesia. Permendag 46/2025 sets the procedure for fixing the export benchmark price and the reference price of mining products subject to export duty, which the Director General of Foreign Trade fixes periodically after coordination and, where one is made, on a proposal from the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources.[23] PP 24/2026, in force from 1 June 2026, provides that designated strategic commodities, initially coal, palm oil and ferroalloy, may be exported only by a state-owned enterprise given a special assignment for the purpose, with a transition ending no later than 31 December 2026.[24] The processes of licensing, production, sales, payment, export and shipping across eight ministries are joined in the integrated digital service for mineral and coal commodities established by Perpres 94/2025, operated by the unit of the Ministry of Finance that manages the Indonesia National Single Window; coal, tin, nickel, bauxite and copper were to be integrated by 2025 at the latest.[25]

Oil, gas and fuel

Downstream supply of fuel is governed by instruments made for national energy security. Perpres 26/2026, signed on 30 April 2026 to give effect to the government's duty under Pasal 8 ayat (2) of the oil and gas statute, regulates the procurement of crude oil, fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gas. It sets out three legal bases for imports, gives a public service agency of the energy sector a role in importing alongside the state-owned enterprises, and allows the government to freeze or suspend exports of domestically produced crude in an emergency.[26] Upstream business activities are overseen by SKK Migas, the special task force for upstream oil and gas business (Satuan Kerja Khusus Pelaksana Kegiatan Usaha Hulu Minyak dan Gas Bumi), whose organisation was amended by Permen ESDM 15/2025 in July 2025; among other changes, its head must obtain the minister's approval in principle before issuing working guidelines.[27] The state's revenue from upstream activities is accounted for under PMK 64/2026, signed by the Minister of Finance on 21 August 2026, which sets the technical accounting guidelines, based on accrual government accounting standards, for non-tax revenue from oil and gas as natural resources, from domestic-market-obligation crude and production bonuses, and from fines and other upstream receipts, including the measurement per contractor of the revenue that becomes the regions' revenue-sharing fund. The guidelines apply from the financial statements for 2026, and the regulation revoked their 2023 predecessor, PMK 115/2023.[28]

Environmental rules for the upstream sector have been reworked piecemeal. Permen LH 19/2010 sets effluent quality standards for five groups of oil, gas and geothermal activity, from exploration and production to refining, integrated LNG and LPG processing, and installations, depots and terminals; its provisions on domestic and sanitary wastewater from offshore facilities were revoked by Permen LH 11/2025 with effect from 9 September 2025.[29][30] Permen ESDM 8/2026, promulgated on 18 June 2026, revoked a 1973 Mining Minister regulation on the prevention of water pollution in oil and gas exploration and exploitation without setting a substitute standard.[31]

Electricity and renewable energy

The purchase of renewable electricity by the state electricity company, PT PLN (Persero), has been regulated successively by ministerial and presidential regulation. Permen ESDM 12/2017 obliged PLN to buy electricity from renewable plants using seven sources, with solar and wind power bought through capacity-quota auctions, and tied purchase prices to PLN's local cost of generation.[32] It was revoked in August 2017 by Permen ESDM 50/2017, which bears the same title and was itself amended in 2018 and 2020.[33]

Perpres 112/2022, signed on 13 September 2022, binds PLN to give renewable energy priority in its supply business plan and to buy renewable power first, prohibits the development of new coal-fired power plants subject to two exceptions, and directs the minister to prepare a roadmap for ending the operation of coal-fired plants early. Most of its provisions govern ceiling prices, procurement and the power purchase agreement.[34] Coal-fired and other thermal plants are subject to the air emission standards of Permen LHK 15/2019, which requires continuous emission monitoring at larger plants and gave coal-fired plants already in operation three years to install it and to meet the standards for mercury and carbon dioxide.[35]

Demand for electricity from transport is shaped by the battery electric vehicle programme of Perpres 55/2019, signed on 8 August 2019 and amended in December 2023, which gave PT PLN the first assignment to build charging infrastructure and listed fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for such vehicles.[36] The charging infrastructure itself is governed by Permen ESDM 1/2023, in force from 13 January 2023, which covers private chargers, public charging stations and public battery-swapping stations and their electricity tariffs, and requires charging stations to be run by holders of an electricity supply business licence.[37]

Two instruments reach renewable sources outside electricity purchase. Geothermal businesses operating in national parks, nature tourism parks and grand forest parks pay an annual levy calculated under Permenhut 28/2025 from their area and four per-hectare values for biodiversity, water regulation, carbon sink and carbon release; the regulation also belongs to forestry and land use regulation in Indonesia.[38] Businesses producing biofuel, biomass or biogas from palm oil must obtain Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil certification under Permen ESDM 3/2026, an obligation that applies from 20 March 2027.[39]

Energy conservation

The energy statute makes national energy conservation the responsibility of the central and regional governments, businesses and the public, covering every stage of energy management, with incentives for those who conserve and disincentives for those who do not.[40] Its general implementing regulation is PP 33/2023, signed on 16 June 2023, which obliges energy providers using 6,000 tonnes of oil equivalent a year or more, transport and industrial users of 4,000 tonnes or more, and building users of 500 tonnes or more to practise energy management, and obliges the central and regional governments to do so for their own facilities without any threshold. The regulation is also surveyed at carbon trading and climate regulation in Indonesia.[41]

Energy management is detailed by Permen ESDM 8/2025, in force from 13 March 2025, under which obliged entities must appoint a certified energy manager, run an efficiency programme, audit their energy use at least once every three years and report every year.[42] It replaced Permen ESDM 14/2012, which had applied the same kind of obligations to users consuming 6,000 tonnes of oil equivalent a year or more.[43] Permen ESDM 13/2012, issued the same day in 2012, set a target of cutting electricity use in public buildings, officials' residences, street lighting and advertising by 20 per cent, and was revoked by a 2018 regulation.[44] The market for efficiency services is governed by Permen ESDM 1/2026, which implements Pasal 23 of PP 33/2023, requires energy conservation service providers to hold a business licence and makes the energy saving performance contract the form of project financing.[45]

Licensing standards

Business licensing in the sector follows the risk-based licensing system of PP 28/2025. Permen ESDM 7/2026, in force from 12 June 2026, implements Pasal 5 ayat (7) of that regulation by setting the business-activity standard for each core licence in four subsectors (oil and gas, electricity, minerals and coal, and new and renewable energy and energy conservation) and for each supporting licence in five, the fifth being geology.[46] It revoked Permen ESDM 5/2021, signed and promulgated on 1 April 2021, which had set the standards for business activities and products in the same four subsectors in four annexes, to be applied through the electronic integrated licensing system once licensing under PP 5/2021, the earlier risk-based licensing regulation, was fully in operation.[47][48]

In geology the supporting licence is the groundwater-use licence, and groundwater falls to the energy ministry. Permen ESDM 4/2026, promulgated on 22 January 2026, sets the procedure for the groundwater use approval for non-business purposes and the administrative fine charged when unlicensed groundwater abstraction is regularised, replacing most of Permen ESDM 14/2024; it forms part of groundwater regulation in Indonesia within the water resources law of Indonesia.[49]

Environmental and water standards for extractive activities

The environmental obligations of mining and energy businesses rest on the general environmental regime, whose principal implementing regulation is PP 22/2021, the basis of environmental approval in Indonesia.[50] Sector effluent standards sit beside it and are also surveyed at wastewater and sanitation regulation in Indonesia. Permen LH 9/2006 sets the effluent quality standards for nickel ore mining and processing and requires treatment before discharge, a permitted point of compliance and regular self-monitoring.[51] Permen LHK 5/2022, made under Pasal 162 huruf b of PP 22/2021, allows coal, lignite, iron and other metal ore mining operations to treat wastewater in constructed wetlands as an option rather than an obligation.[52] Permen LHK 93/2018 requires operators of fourteen types of business, among them coal and nickel mines, to monitor their wastewater continuously and online.[53]

The limits of an area's environment enter licensing through environmental carrying capacity (daya dukung dan daya tampung lingkungan hidup), which the environmental statute defines and on which the use of natural resources must be based where no environmental protection plan has been prepared. A civil-society report on Sulawesi, published in September 2026 and reported by CRPG, argued that an exceeded status had not constrained the issue of mining permits.[54][55] The effect of mining on water users has been discussed through the concept of water tenure: a poster at an FAO regional dialogue, described by CRPG in May 2026, singled out mining and mineral processing among the sectors most exposed to water-tenure risk.[56] In the Serayu-Opak water accounting pilot, an account published on crpg.id in May 2026 described springs lost to riverbed mining in the Progo sub-basin and framed the issue as one of permitting.[57]

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

Perpres 169/2024, signed and promulgated on 5 November 2024, sets the position, tasks, functions and organisation of the ministry, replacing the presidential regulation of 2021. It organises the ministry into a secretariat general, five directorates general, among them one for law enforcement in energy and mineral resources, an inspectorate general, two agencies and four expert staff positions.[7:1] Its internal regulations belong also to public administration in Indonesia. Permen ESDM 5/2026 sets the monthly performance allowance of the ministry's employees, calculated from organisational performance, individual performance and attendance.[58] Permen ESDM 9/2026 sets the code of ethics and code of conduct for its employees, enforced by an ad hoc ethics council chaired by the Inspector General, replacing the code of 2011.[59] Permen ESDM 10/2026 amends the organisation of the ministry's Centre for Oil and Gas Testing, allowing its head to be a professional who is not a civil servant.[60] Permen ESDM 2/2026 revoked, without replacement, the ministry's 2009 guidelines on study permits and the recording of academic titles for its civil servants.[61]

See also

Part of a series on Mining and energy regulation in Indonesia
MK 160/PUU-XXIII/2025 · MK 184/PUU-XXIII/2025 · MK 202/PUU-XXIII/2025 · Environmental carrying capacity in Indonesia · Kepmen ESDM 344.K/MB.01/MEM.B/2025 · Merkuri · Permen ESDM 1/2023 · Permen ESDM 1/2026 · Permen ESDM 10/2026 · Permen ESDM 12/2017 · Permen ESDM 13/2012 · Permen ESDM 14/2012 · Permen ESDM 2/2026 · Permen ESDM 3/2026 · Permen ESDM 4/2026 · Permen ESDM 5/2026 · Permen ESDM 50/2017 · Permen ESDM 6/2026 · Permen ESDM 7/2026 · Permen ESDM 8/2025 · Permen ESDM 8/2026 · Permen ESDM 9/2026 · Permenhut 28/2025 · PMK 3/2025 · PMK 64/2026 · Permen LH 19/2010 · Permen LH 9/2006 · Permen LHK 15/2019 · Permen LHK 5/2022 · Permendag 46/2025 · PP 24/2026 · PP 33/2023 · PP 40/2025 · PP 79/2014 · Perpres 112/2022 · Perpres 169/2024 · Perpres 22/2017 · Perpres 26/2026 · Perpres 55/2019 · Perpres 94/2025 · Perpres 96/2024 · Serayu-Opak water accounting pilot · Water tenure
Identifiers Know ID K10
Categories Energy and mining law of Indonesia
What links here (60)

References

  1. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2025 tentang Perubahan Keempat atas Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara, Menimbang (Undang-Undang 4/2009 "sebagaimana telah beberapa kali diubah terakhir dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023") and closing formula (Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 19 Maret 2025; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 19 Maret 2025), LN 2025 No. 29. regulation_id UU_2_2025. The text of Undang-Undang 4/2009 as enacted is not held in the CRPG regulation vault. ↩︎ ↩︎

  2. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak dan Gas Bumi, Menimbang huruf b. The text held in the CRPG regulation vault is a consolidation holding the preamble only, with a header recording amendment by Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 and annotation with Constitutional Court Decisions 002/PUU-I/2003 (pronounced 21 December 2004) and 36/PUU-X/2012 (pronounced 13 November 2012). regulation_id UU_22_2001. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  3. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2007 tentang Energi, Pasal 17 ayat (1) to (3) and closing formula (Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 10 Agustus 2007; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 10 Agustus 2007). regulation_id UU_30_2007. ↩︎ ↩︎

  4. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2009 tentang Ketenagalistrikan, Pasal 3 ayat (1), Pasal 4 ayat (1) and (2), Pasal 11 ayat (1) and (2), and closing formula (Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 23 September 2009; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 23 September 2009). Original 2009 text. regulation_id UU_30_2009. ↩︎ ↩︎

  5. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2014 tentang Panas Bumi, Pasal 87 (revoking Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2003 tentang Panas Bumi) and closing formula (Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 17 September 2014; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 17 September 2014). regulation_id UU_21_2014. ↩︎ ↩︎

  6. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara, Menimbang huruf a and Pasal I, amending Pasal 4 ayat (1) and (2). regulation_id UU_3_2020. ↩︎ ↩︎

  7. [P] Perpres 169/2024, Pasal 5 to 7, Pasal 54 (revoking Peraturan Presiden Nomor 97 Tahun 2021) and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 5 November 2024; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 5 November 2024), Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 365. regulation_id PERPRES_169_2024. ↩︎ ↩︎

  8. [P] Undang-Undang 30/2007, Pasal 11 ayat (1) and (2) and Pasal 12 ayat (1), (2) and (4). regulation_id UU_30_2007. ↩︎ ↩︎

  9. [P] PP 40/2025, Pasal 2 to 5, Pasal 10 huruf a, Pasal 13 ayat (1) to (3), Pasal 93 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 15 September 2025; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 15 September 2025), Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 149. regulation_id PP_40_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/328789/pp-no-40-tahun-2025 ↩︎ ↩︎

  10. [E] CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, analyses of the instruments surveyed here published between November 2025 and September 2026, among them "Mining Reclamation and Post-Mining Technical Guidelines: KEPMEN 344.K/MB.01/MEM.B/2025", 14 June 2026 https://crpg.id/mining-reclamation-and-post-mining-technical-guidelines-kepmen-344-k-mb-01-mem-b-2025/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id), and "Constitutional Review of Priority Mining Permit Awards: MK 160/PUU-XXIII/2025", 17 August 2026 https://crpg.id/constitutional-review-of-priority-mining-permit-awards-mk-160-puu-xxiii-2025/. The posts carry a notice that they are AI-generated; they are cited for the record of the reporting, not for their legal content. ↩︎

  11. [P] Putusan MK Nomor 184/PUU-XXIII/2025, paragraphs [3.2] (Pasal 35(1) of Undang-Undang 4/2009 as amended by Undang-Undang 2/2025), [3.16.3] and [3.17], and Amar Putusan: Pasal 92 challenge "tidak dapat diterima"; "Menolak permohonan para Pemohon untuk selain dan selebihnya"; pronounced 16 July 2026. https://s.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/putusan_mkri_14642_1784189307.pdf ↩︎ ↩︎

  12. [P] PP 79/2014, Pasal 2 to 6 and Pasal 9 huruf b to f, and Penjelasan, Umum; Lembaran Negara 2014 No. 300. regulation_id PP_79_2014. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/5523/pp-no-79-tahun-2014 ↩︎

  13. [P] Perpres 22/2017, Pasal 1 to 7 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 2 Maret 2017; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 Maret 2017), Lembaran Negara 2017 No. 43. regulation_id PERPRES_22_2017. ↩︎

  14. [P] Perpres 96/2024, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (4), Pasal 3, Pasal 5 ayat (1) to (5), Pasal 6, Pasal 7, Pasal 10 ayat (1) to (4) and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 2 September 2024), Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 189. regulation_id PERPRES_96_2024. ↩︎

  15. [P] Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 160/PUU-XXIII/2025, Amar Putusan, items 1–10: "Mengabulkan permohonan para Pemohon untuk sebagian"; priority-award phrases in Pasal 51, 51A, 60, 60A, 75 and 75A of Undang-Undang 2/2025 conditionally unconstitutional; remainder rejected; pronounced 16 July 2026. https://s.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/putusan_mkri_14640_1784189021.pdf ↩︎

  16. [P] Putusan MK Nomor 202/PUU-XXIII/2025, paragraph [3.13.1] and Amar Putusan, items 1 to 6: "dengan cara prioritas" in Pasal 51B and 60B, and "dan/atau global" in Pasal 51B ayat (2) huruf d and Pasal 60B ayat (2) huruf d, conditionally unconstitutional; remainder rejected; pronounced 16 July 2026. https://s.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/putusan_mkri_14641_1784191288.pdf ↩︎

  17. [P] Permen ESDM 6/2026, Pasal I angka 1, amending Pasal 19 ayat (2) of Permen ESDM 17/2025, and Pasal I angka 3, inserting Pasal 34A ayat (1) to (7), and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 8 Juni 2026). regulation_id PERMENESDM_6_2026. ↩︎

  18. [P] Kepmen ESDM 344.K/MB.01/MEM.B/2025, Diktum KESATU huruf a to d, heading of Lampiran I (Tanggal: 23 Oktober 2025) and Lampiran I, part C angka 4 and 8. The held copy lacks the first page and is truncated within Lampiran I. regulation_id KEPMENESDM_344K_2025. ↩︎

  19. [P] PMK 3/2025, Pasal 1 to 3. regulation_id PERMENKEU_3_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/313246/pmk-no-3-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  20. [P] Permenhut 56/2008, Pasal 1, Pasal 4 and Pasal 8, as amended by Permenhut P.84/Menhut-II/2014. regulation_id PERMENHUT_56_2008. ↩︎

  21. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 21 Tahun 2019 tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Pengurangan dan Penghapusan Merkuri, Pasal 4 ayat (1) huruf b. regulation_id PERPRES_21_2019. ↩︎

  22. [E] "Merkuri", CRPG, crpg.id, 25 July 2023 (in Indonesian). https://crpg.id/merkuri/ CRPG's own project page, cited for CRPG's role and activities; "Merkuri", Nexus3 Foundation, nexus3foundation.org (in Indonesian). https://nexus3foundation.org/programs/merkuri ↩︎

  23. [P] Permendag 46/2025, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (4), Pasal 3 and Pasal 6. regulation_id PERMENDAG_46_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/337322/permendag-no-46-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  24. [P] PP 24/2026, Pasal 1 angka 2 and 4, Pasal 2 ayat (3), Pasal 3 ayat (1) to (4), Pasal 7, Pasal 8 and Pasal 10 (in force on 1 June 2026). regulation_id PP_24_2026. ↩︎

  25. [P] Perpres 94/2025, Pasal 2 to 5 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 11 September 2025), Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 147. regulation_id PERPRES_94_2025. ↩︎

  26. [P] Perpres 26/2026, preamble (Menimbang and Mengingat), Pasal 2 to 4, Pasal 10 and 11, and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 30 April 2026), Lembaran Negara 2026 No. 48. regulation_id PERPRES_26_2026. ↩︎

  27. [P] Permen ESDM 15/2025, Pasal I angka 1 to 17, amending Permen ESDM 2/2022. regulation_id ESDM_2025pmesdm15. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/351044/permen-esdm-no-15-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  28. [P] Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 64 Tahun 2026 tentang Petunjuk Teknis Akuntansi Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak dari Kegiatan Usaha Hulu Minyak dan Gas Bumi, Pasal 2 ayat (1) and (2), Pasal 4 ayat (1), Pasal 5, Pasal 6 (revoking PMK 115/2023, Berita Negara 2023 No. 877) and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 21 Agustus 2026; the promulgation date is not legible in the held copy). regulation_id PMK_64_2026. ↩︎

  29. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 19 Tahun 2010 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah bagi Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan Minyak dan Gas serta Panas Bumi, Pasal 1 and 2; Berita Negara 2010 No. 582. regulation_id PERMENLH_19_2010. ↩︎

  30. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup/Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 11 Tahun 2025, Pasal 14 huruf b and Pasal 15. regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_11_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/345620/permen-lhbplh-no-11-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  31. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 8 Tahun 2026, Pasal 1 and 2 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 10 Juni 2026; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 18 Juni 2026), Berita Negara 2026 No. 398. regulation_id PERMENESDM_8_2026. ↩︎

  32. [P] Permen ESDM 12/2017, Pasal 2 to 11. regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_12_2017. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/142143/permen-esdm-no-12-tahun-2017 ↩︎

  33. [P] Permen ESDM No. 50 Tahun 2017, JDIH BPK: enacted 7 August 2017, promulgated and in force 8 August 2017, Berita Negara 2017 No. 1107; revokes Permen ESDM No. 12 Tahun 2017; amended by Permen ESDM No. 53 Tahun 2018 and Permen ESDM No. 4 Tahun 2020. The text itself was not consulted. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/142140/permen-esdm-no-50-tahun-2017 ↩︎

  34. [P] Perpres 112/2022, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (3), Pasal 3 ayat (1) to (11) (the prohibition on new coal plants and its exceptions in ayat (4)) and Pasal 5, and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 September 2022), Lembaran Negara 2022 No. 181. regulation_id PERPRES_112_2022. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/225308/perpres-no-112-tahun-2022 ↩︎

  35. [P] Permen LHK 15/2019, Pasal 2, Pasal 9 and Pasal 26 ayat (1) and (2), and closing formula (Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 23 April 2019). regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_p-15-menlhk-setjen-kum-1-4-2019_2019. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/286526/permen-lhk-no-15-tahun-2019 ↩︎

  36. [P] Perpres 55/2019, Pasal 3, Pasal 17 to 21, Pasal 23 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta, pada tanggal 8 Agustus 2019), Lembaran Negara 2019 No. 146; amended by Peraturan Presiden 79/2023, signed 8 December 2023 (regulation_id PERPRES_79_2023). regulation_id PERPRES_55_2019. ↩︎

  37. [P] Permen ESDM 1/2023, Pasal 2, 3, 11 and 12 (JDIH BPK copy); enacted 9 January 2023, promulgated and in force 13 January 2023, Berita Negara 2023 No. 64. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/252409/permen-esdm-no-1-tahun-2023 ↩︎

  38. [P] Permenhut 28/2025, Pasal 2 to 4. regulation_id PERMENHUT_28_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/341119/permenhut-no-28-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  39. [P] Permen ESDM 3/2026, Pasal 2, 3 and 35. regulation_id PERMENESDM_3_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350242/permen-esdm-no-3-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  40. [P] Undang-Undang 30/2007, Pasal 25 ayat (1) to (4). regulation_id UU_30_2007. ↩︎

  41. [P] PP 33/2023, Pasal 28 to 45 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 16 Juni 2023), LN 2023/83. regulation_id PP_33_2023. ↩︎

  42. [P] Permen ESDM 8/2025, Pasal 2 to 7 and Pasal 13 to 17. regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_8_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/317641/permen-esdm-no-8-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  43. [P] Permen ESDM 14/2012, Pasal 3 and 5; revoked by Permen ESDM 8/2025, Pasal 40. regulation_id PERMENESDM_14_2012. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/143823/permen-esdm-no-14-tahun-2012 ↩︎

  44. [P] Permen ESDM 13/2012, Pasal 3 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 29 Mei 2012), Berita Negara 2012 No. 556. regulation_id PERMENESDM_13_2012. Revocation: Permen ESDM No. 9 Tahun 2018, JDIH BPK. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/142560/permen-esdm-no-9-tahun-2018 ↩︎

  45. [P] Permen ESDM 1/2026, preamble, Pasal 2 to 6 and Pasal 13. regulation_id PERMENESDM_1_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350156/permen-esdm-no-1-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  46. [P] Permen ESDM 7/2026, preamble, Pasal 4, 5 and 20. regulation_id PERMENESDM_7_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350238/permen-esdm-no-7-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  47. [P] Permen ESDM 7/2026, Pasal 20 (revoking Permen ESDM 5/2021, Berita Negara 2021 No. 318). regulation_id PERMENESDM_7_2026. ↩︎

  48. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 5 Tahun 2021 tentang Standar Kegiatan Usaha dan Produk pada Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko Sektor Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Pasal 1 (Lampiran I to IV, one for each subsector), Pasal 2 and 4 (electronic integrated licensing system, from full operation of licensing under PP 5/2021) and Pasal 5 with closing formula (Ditetapkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 1 April 2021). The held text contains the body only, without the annexes. regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_5_2021. ↩︎

  49. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 4 Tahun 2026, title and Pasal 45. regulation_id PERMENESDM_4_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350247/permen-esdm-no-4-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  50. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, LN 2021 No. 32, TLN 6634. regulation_id PP_22_2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/161852/pp-no-22-tahun-2021 ↩︎

  51. [P] Permen LH 9/2006, Pasal 7, 10 and 11 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 13 September 2006). regulation_id PERMENLH_09_2006. ↩︎

  52. [P] Permen LHK 5/2022, preamble and Pasal 2 ayat (1)-(6); Berita Negara 2022 No. 374. regulation_id PERMENLHK_5_2022. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/210853/permen-lhk-no-5-tahun-2022 ↩︎

  53. [P] Permen LHK 93/2018, Pasal 1 angka 2 and Pasal 2 ayat (1)-(2) (original text). regulation_id PERMENLHK_P.93_2018. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/164071/permen-lhk-no-93-tahun-2018 ↩︎

  54. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 1 angka 6, 7 and 8 and Pasal 12. regulation_id UU_32_2009. ↩︎

  55. [E] "Sulawesi Beyond Limits: Why D3TLH Status Has Not Slowed Mining Permits", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 September 2026. https://crpg.id/sulawesi-beyond-limits-d3tlh-status-mining-permits/ The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the report it describes, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  56. [E] "A permit is not consent: Why water tenure is now a legal exposure", crpg.id, 16 May 2026. https://crpg.id/water-tenure-legal-exposure-bangkok-2026/ ↩︎

  57. [E] "Once a spring is mined, it doesn't come back: voices from the Progo sub-basin", crpg.id, 16 May 2026. https://crpg.id/once-a-spring-is-mined-it-doesnt-come-back-voices-from-the-progo-sub-basin/ ↩︎

  58. [P] Permen ESDM 5/2026, Pasal 2, 6 and 11. regulation_id PERMENESDM_5_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350258/permen-esdm-no-5-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  59. [P] Permen ESDM 9/2026, Pasal 19, 25 and 45. regulation_id PERMENESDM_9_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350286/permen-esdm-no-9-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  60. [P] Permen ESDM 10/2026, Pasal I, amending Pasal 23 and 24 of Permen ESDM 5/2022. regulation_id PERMENESDM_10_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350288/permen-esdm-no-10-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  61. [P] Permen ESDM 2/2026, Pasal 1 and 2. regulation_id PERMENESDM_2_2026. https://peraturan.go.id/id/permen-esdm-no-2-tahun-2026 ↩︎