This article was machine-drafted from the sources cited in its footnotes. It is not the official text of any law or court decision, and it is not legal advice (how articles are written).
Environmental approval in IndonesiaTopic
FieldEnvironmental law
JurisdictionIndonesia
Principal instrumentsUU 32/2009; PP 22/2021; PP 28/2025
Principal institutionsMinistry of Environment / Environmental Control Agency; provincial governors; regents and mayors

Environmental approval in Indonesia (persetujuan lingkungan) is the requirement that a business or government activity affecting the environment be assessed and approved on environmental grounds before it is licensed, together with the body of law built around that requirement: impact assessment, environmental quality and effluent standards, technical approvals for discharges and hazardous waste, supervision and administrative sanctions. Its parent statute is Undang-Undang 32/2009 on environmental protection and management, and its principal implementing regulation is Peraturan Pemerintah 22/2021, which requires every business or activity with significant or non-significant environmental impact to hold an environmental approval, makes the approval a prerequisite for the business licence or government approval, and ends it when that licence ends.[1][2]

The approval replaced the free-standing environmental permit (izin lingkungan) under the job-creation legislation: PP 22/2021 was issued to carry out the 2020 job-creation law, and in 2023 the statute that enacted the job-creation regulation in lieu of law amended UU 32/2009 to integrate the approval into business licensing.[3][4] It is obtained through one of three environmental documents, the impact assessment (Amdal), the environmental management and monitoring efforts (UKL-UPL) or, for the smallest activities, a statement of commitment (SPPL), and under Peraturan Pemerintah 28/2025 it is one of the basic requirements that must be met before a risk-based business licence is issued.[5][6]

Around the approval sit the planning instruments that set the environment's capacity, the ministerial regulations that allocate authority to issue approvals, the technical approvals and standards for wastewater, emissions and hazardous waste that are written into it, and the supervision and sanctions regime that enforces it. Sectoral regimes in mining, plantations, forestry and water attach their own obligations to the approved environmental document, and the acceleration rules for national strategic projects and toll roads adjust the order in which it is obtained. CRPG's regulatory tracker published analyses of the impact-assessment tiers and of environmental supervision between November and December 2025.[7][8][9]

Statutory framework

UU 32/2009 sets the principles and scope of environmental protection, a planning system of inventories, ecoregions and environmental plans, and a set of instruments to prevent pollution and damage, among them strategic environmental assessment, quality standards, the Amdal, economic instruments and environmental audit; it also governs hazardous substances and waste, the division of duties between central and regional government, public participation, dispute resolution and criminal offences.[1:1] Undang-Undang 6/2023 on job creation amended the Act in 2023, replacing the environmental permit with an environmental approval integrated into business licensing and recasting many sanctions.[4:1] As amended, the Act requires every holder of an environmental approval to provide a guarantee fund for environmental recovery.[10]

PP 22/2021, signed and promulgated on 2 February 2021, has 534 articles in thirteen chapters and consolidated the rules of five earlier government regulations, on marine pollution, air pollution, water quality, the environmental permit and hazardous waste, which it revoked.[11][12] Beyond the approval itself it sets the planning and control framework for water, air and marine quality, the criteria for environmental damage, the management of hazardous and non-hazardous waste, a restoration guarantee fund, an environmental information system, supervision and administrative sanctions.[13] Approvals issued under the old permit regime remained valid and were folded into the new licences.[14]

The licensing chain is completed by PP 28/2025, signed and promulgated on 5 June 2025, which replaced the 2021 regulation on risk-based licensing, PP 5/2021. A business licence is issued only after the basic requirements have been met: conformity with spatial planning, the environmental approval, and the building approval with its certificate of functional worthiness. A business that will construct a building must hold both the environmental approval and the building approval.[6:1]

Planning and environmental capacity

Environmental planning precedes the approval of individual activities. Peraturan Pemerintah 26/2025, issued on the same day as PP 28/2025, organises it in three stages: an environmental inventory, the designation of ecoregions, and environmental protection and management plans (RPPLH) at national, provincial and district level, which look ahead thirty years, must include climate adaptation and greenhouse gas mitigation, a link to carbon trading and climate regulation in Indonesia, and feed into development plans through a strategic environmental assessment.[15]

Between the inventory and the plans, PP 26/2025 regulates the determination of environmental carrying and assimilative capacity (daya dukung dan daya tampung lingkungan hidup), which is fixed by decree of the Minister, a governor or a regent or mayor and records an area's status as exceeded or not yet exceeded.[16] The concept reaches into licensing: under PP 28/2025, a calculation showing that a location can still support a planned business allows a technical approval to be sought together with the environmental approval.[17]

Assessment documents and issuing authority

PP 22/2021 requires every planned business or activity that affects the environment to hold an Amdal, an UKL-UPL or an SPPL. The approval is reached either by preparing an Amdal and passing its feasibility test, or by completing the UKL-UPL form and having it examined.[2:1][5:1] The SPPL, a statement of commitment to manage and monitor the environment, is the document PP 28/2025 prescribes for activities that fall under neither the Amdal nor the UKL-UPL criteria.[18] CRPG's regulatory tracker described the triggers for an Amdal and the place of the UKL-UPL as the middle tier in two analyses published on 14 December 2025.[7:1][8:1]

Who issues the approval is set by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 22/2025, in force from 27 October 2025, which makes the location of the activity the basis of authority: the Minister decides projects that cross provincial or national borders, lie more than twelve nautical miles offshore, are national strategic projects or appear on a list of high-risk activities; governors decide projects that cross district borders or lie within twelve nautical miles; and regents and mayors decide the rest.[19]

Technical approvals and pollution control

An activity that discharges wastewater or emissions needs, in addition, a technical approval (persetujuan teknis) and an operational worthiness letter (SLO) under Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 5/2021. For an activity that must prepare an Amdal or UKL-UPL, the technical approval is a condition for, and becomes part of, the environmental approval and the business licence, and the SLO is the basis for starting operations and for supervising compliance; the regulation replaced the earlier wastewater discharge permit procedures.[20]

The procedures by which governments control water pollution predate the approval regime. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 1/2010 requires central, provincial and district governments to inventory pollution sources, to determine the pollution load capacity of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, to set effluent standards and to monitor water quality, and assigns wastewater discharge permits to regents and mayors.[21] Inside a business, responsibility for water pollution was given to certified water pollution control managers by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 3/2009, which set a certification scheme and a national competency standard for them.[22] The resource into which effluent is discharged is governed separately by the water resources law of Indonesia, under which the use of water for business purposes requires business licensing, and abstraction from aquifers by groundwater regulation in Indonesia.[23] When water resource works built without a permit are regularised under Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat 3/2023, the application must be accompanied by the environmental approval, and for national strategic projects and government agencies the as-built drawings and the approval are the only documents required.[24]

Effluent standards

The general effluent standard is Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 5/2014, which consolidated twenty earlier decrees into standards for forty-six categories of business or activity, with a default standard for the rest, and lets governors set stricter standards on the basis of a study of the receiving water.[25] Its textile standard was revised by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 16/2019, which gave existing plants staggered periods to comply,[26] and then revoked and replaced by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 12/2025, which gave textile activities holding an environmental approval or SPPL two years to adjust through an amendment of that approval.[27]

Standards set in separate instruments include Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 9/2006 on nickel ore mining and processing, which prohibits meeting its limits by dilution;[28] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 3/2010 on industrial estates, which expresses its standard both as concentrations and as a volume per hectare;[29] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 59/2016 on leachate from final waste-processing sites;[30] and Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 5/2022, which allows mining operators to treat wastewater in constructed wetlands and requires them to say so when applying for the technical approval for their discharge.[31] Continuous online monitoring of discharges by fourteen types of business, through the system known as Sparing, was required by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 93/2018.[32] In June 2026 Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 8/2026 revoked a 1973 mining-minister regulation on water pollution in oil and gas exploration and production, without setting a substitute standard.[33]

Air emissions follow the same pattern. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 15/2019 sets the emission standards for nine kinds of thermal power plant, requires continuous emission monitoring at larger plants, and requires the results to be reported to the official who issued the plant's environmental permit.[34]

Domestic wastewater

Domestic wastewater was governed from 2016 by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 68/2016, which set a single table of limits and required watertight treatment installations.[35] It was replaced on 9 September 2025 by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 11/2025, which added treatment technology standards to the effluent limits, requires the desludging and grease-separation obligations of small generators to be written into the environmental approval or SPPL, and gives existing activities until 9 September 2027 to amend their approvals.[36] The rules as they apply to on-site installations are described at septic tank regulation in Indonesia, and the wider field, in which the licensing, approval and standards layers refer to one another, at wastewater and sanitation regulation in Indonesia.[37]

Hazardous waste and producer responsibility

Under UU 32/2009 anyone who generates hazardous and toxic waste (limbah B3) must manage it, and the detailed rules form the field described at hazardous waste regulation in Indonesia.[38] The procedural regulation, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 6/2021, integrates the technical approval and operational worthiness letter for hazardous-waste management into the environmental approval: a business subject to an Amdal or UKL-UPL that collects, utilises, treats or landfills hazardous waste must hold a technical approval and then an SLO before operating.[39] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 11/2024 requires hazardous-waste services, generators holding a technical approval for its management and eleven kinds of high-risk activity to employ workers certified under the national qualifications framework.[40]

Solid waste that is not hazardous falls under Undang-Undang 18/2008 on waste management, the parent law of solid waste management law of Indonesia, which places on producers a duty to manage packaging and goods that do not decompose naturally.[41] That duty is the basis of extended producer responsibility in Indonesia; in October 2025 the environment minister issued a circular letter, as reported by CRPG's regulatory tracker, directing that producers' reduction obligations be written into their environmental approval documents.[42] The ash produced when municipal waste is incinerated is governed by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 26/2020, under which fly ash must be treated and meet a leachate standard before final disposal, and operators report on ash handling every six months as part of their environmental permit reporting.[43]

Mercury is the subject of a national action plan adopted by Peraturan Presiden 21/2019 following Indonesia's ratification of the Minamata Convention in 2017, which set the elimination of mercury from small-scale gold mining by 2025 as one of its targets.[44] CRPG, which publishes this encyclopedia, took part in Merkuri, a project to support the government in restricting the supply and availability of mercury, contributing reviews of the rules on the mercury trade and a database of court decisions.[45]

Economic instruments

Peraturan Pemerintah 46/2017 implements the environmental economic instruments of UU 32/2009 in three families: development planning and economic activities, environmental funding, and incentives and disincentives, the last ranging from eco-labelling and green procurement to emission permit trading and environmental insurance. Its provisions on the restoration guarantee fund were revoked by PP 22/2021, which regulates that fund itself.[46][47]

Supervision and sanctions

Compliance with the approval is enforced through supervision and administrative sanctions. From 15 June 2026 these are governed by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup 6/2026, which replaced Permen LHK 14/2024. It assigns supervisory and sanctioning authority according to which body issued the environmental approval or licence, and establishes five sanctions: written warning, government coercion, administrative fine, suspension, and revocation of the business licence or government approval. Fines are capped at three billion rupiah for each violation, and the two most severe sanctions do not release an operator from civil or criminal liability.[48] CRPG's regulatory tracker had analysed the supervision architecture of the 2024 regulation in November 2025.[9:1]

Environmental testing capacity is also organised on the health side of government. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan 9/2026, in force from 18 June 2026, amended the charter of the Ministry of Health's large environmental health laboratories, placing them under the directorate general for primary and community health.[49]

Environmental obligations in sectoral regimes

Several sectoral regimes build their own obligations on the approved environmental document. In mineral and coal mining, part of the field surveyed at mining and energy regulation in Indonesia, Kepmen ESDM 344.K/MB.01/MEM.B/2025 requires an exploration-stage permit holder to prepare a five-year reclamation plan based on its approved environmental document.[50] In palm-oil bioenergy, Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 3/2026 includes among its certification criteria an environmental approval, in the form of an Amdal or UKL-UPL, with records of environmental management and monitoring.[51]

In conservation areas, which belong to the field surveyed at forestry and land use regulation in Indonesia, Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 85/2014 provides that the environmental documents for roads, communication networks and electricity networks built under a strategic cooperation are submitted after the cooperation has been approved.[52] Holders of a permit to use state forest land for non-forestry purposes carry a separate replanting obligation for the rehabilitation of watersheds under Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 59/2019.[53]

Two acceleration regimes alter the sequence. Under Peraturan Presiden 3/2016, construction of a national strategic project may begin once it holds a location decision or permit, an environmental permit and a building permit and, in a forest area, a forest-land permit.[54] Under Peraturan Pemerintah 23/2024 on toll roads, where a government-initiated road must be accelerated, the environmental impact analysis and the environmental feasibility decision may be completed as late as the signing of the concession agreement.[55]

See also

Part of a series on Environmental approval in Indonesia
Extended producer responsibility in Indonesia · Merkuri · Permen ESDM 8/2026 · Permenkes 9/2026 · Permen LH 1/2010 · Permen LH 19/2008 · Permen LH 22/2025 · Permen LH 3/2009 · Permen LH 6/2026 · Permen LHK 14/2024 · Permen LHK 15/2019 · Permen LHK 26/2020 · Permen LHK 6/2021 · Permen PUPR 3/2023 · PP 22/2021 · PP 23/2024 · PP 26/2025 · PP 28/2025 · PP 46/2017 · PP 5/2021 · Perpres 3/2016 · Septic tank regulation in Indonesia · UU 32/2009 · UU 6/2023
Identifiers Know ID K7
Categories Environmental law of Indonesia
What links here (55)

References

  1. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 2, 3, 4 and 14, chapter headings Bab I to Bab XVII, Pasal 127 and closing formula (Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 3 Oktober 2009; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 3 Oktober 2009; Lembaran Negara 2009 No. 140, Tambahan Lembaran Negara No. 5059). regulation_id UU_32_2009. ↩︎ ↩︎

  2. [P] PP 22/2021, Pasal 3 ayat (1) to (7): the Persetujuan Lingkungan must be held by every business or activity with significant or non-significant impact (ayat (1)), is a prerequisite for the business licence or government approval (ayat (3)), is obtained through the Amdal and its feasibility test or the UKL-UPL form and its examination (ayat (4)), and ends with the licence (ayat (5)). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎ ↩︎

  3. [P] PP 22/2021, preamble (Menimbang: to implement Pasal 22 and Pasal 185 huruf b of Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja; Mengingat: UU 32/2009 as amended by UU 11/2020). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎

  4. [P] UU 6/2023, Pasal 22 angka 1 to 39 (amendments to UU 32/2009) and closing formula (Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 31 Maret 2023; Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 31 Maret 2023). regulation_id UU_6_2023. ↩︎ ↩︎

  5. [P] PP 22/2021, Pasal 4 (every planned business or activity affecting the environment must hold an Amdal, an UKL-UPL or an SPPL). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎ ↩︎

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  15. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 Tahun 2025 tentang Perencanaan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 2, 3, 26, 30 to 34 and closing formula (Ditetapkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 5 Juni 2025; Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 96). regulation_id PP_26_2025. ↩︎

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  22. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 03 Tahun 2009 tentang Sertifikasi Kompetensi dan Standar Kompetensi Manajer Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, Pasal 1 and Pasal 2 and closing formula (Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 23 Maret 2009). regulation_id PERMENLH_3_2009. ↩︎

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  25. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah, Pasal 3, 4, 14, 17 and 18 (signed 15 October 2014, promulgated 25 October 2014, Berita Negara 2014 No. 1815). regulation_id PERMENLH_5_2014. ↩︎

  26. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.16/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/4/2019 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah, Pasal I angka 1 and 2; Berita Negara 2019 No. 433. regulation_id PERMENLHK_16_2019. ↩︎

  27. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup/Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 12 Tahun 2025 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah bagi Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan Tekstil, Pasal 4 ayat (1) and (2) and Pasal 5 huruf a and b (revoking Pasal 16A and Lampiran XLII of Permen LH 5/2014). regulation_id PERMENKLHBPH_12_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/345623/permen-lhbplh-no-12-tahun-2025 ↩︎

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  29. [P] Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 03 Tahun 2010 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah bagi Kawasan Industri, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (3) and Lampiran. regulation_id PERMENLH_3_2010. ↩︎

  30. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.59/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/7/2016 tentang Baku Mutu Lindi bagi Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir Sampah, Pasal 3 to Pasal 6. regulation_id PERMENLHK_59_2016_Baku_Mutu_Lindi. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/168713/permen-lhk-no-59-tahun-2016 ↩︎

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  38. [P] UU 32/2009, Pasal 59 ayat (1) to (7), in the consolidated text as amended. regulation_id UU_32_2009. ↩︎

  39. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 6 Tahun 2021 tentang Tata Cara dan Persyaratan Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, Pasal 220 to Pasal 222 and closing formula (signed and promulgated 1 April 2021, Berita Negara 2021 No. 294). regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_6_2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/211000/permen-lhk-no-6-tahun-2021 ↩︎

  40. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 11 Tahun 2024 tentang Penerapan Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia Bidang Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (6) and Pasal 3. regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_11_2024. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/300676/permen-lhk-no-11-tahun-2024 ↩︎

  41. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah, Pasal 11 to Pasal 16, with the elucidation of Pasal 15; LN 2008 No. 69, TLN No. 4851. regulation_id UU_18_2008. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/39067/uu-no-18-tahun-2008 ↩︎

  42. [E] "Embedding Producer Waste Reduction into Environmental Approvals: SE 11/2025", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 29 December 2025. https://crpg.id/se-11-2025-epr-environmental-approvals/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  43. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.26/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2020 tentang Penanganan Abu Dasar dan Abu Terbang Hasil Pengolahan Sampah Secara Termal, Pasal 6 to 9 and Pasal 10 ayat (1) to (4); Berita Negara 2020 No. 1638. regulation_id PERMENLHK_26_2020_Abu_Dasar_Termal. ↩︎

  44. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 21 Tahun 2019 tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Pengurangan dan Penghapusan Merkuri, preamble, Menimbang huruf a and b and Mengingat (including Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 tentang Pengesahan Minamata Convention on Mercury), and Pasal 4 ayat (1) huruf b. regulation_id PERPRES_21_2019. ↩︎

  45. [E] "Merkuri", CRPG, crpg.id, 25 July 2023 (in Indonesian). https://crpg.id/merkuri/ CRPG's own project page, cited for CRPG's role and activities. ↩︎

  46. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 46 Tahun 2017 tentang Instrumen Ekonomi Lingkungan Hidup, preamble (implementing Pasal 43 ayat (4) and Pasal 55 ayat (4) of UU 32/2009), Pasal 3, Pasal 4, Pasal 20 and Pasal 31; Lembaran Negara 2017 No. 228. regulation_id PP_46_2017. ↩︎

  47. [P] PP 22/2021, Pasal 530 (revoking the provisions of PP 46/2017 on the restoration guarantee fund, Pasal 21 to Pasal 25). regulation_id PP_22_2021. ↩︎

  48. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup/Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 6 Tahun 2026 tentang Pengawasan dan Sanksi Administratif Bidang Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 2, Pasal 38, Pasal 44 ayat (2) and (3), Pasal 57, Pasal 59 and Pasal 84 (revoking Permen LHK 14/2024); enacted 25 May 2026, promulgated and in force 15 June 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 387 (JDIH BPK). regulation_id PERMENLH_6_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/351291/permen-lhbplh-no-6-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  49. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 9 Tahun 2026, Pasal I angka 1 and 2 and closing formula (Ditetapkan 15 June 2026; Diundangkan 18 June 2026; Berita Negara 2026 No. 402). regulation_id PERMENKES_9_2026. ↩︎

  50. [P] Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 344.K/MB.01/MEM.B/2025, Lampiran I, part C angka 1 huruf a and angka 2 huruf a. regulation_id KEPMENESDM_344K_2025. ↩︎

  51. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 3 Tahun 2026 tentang Sertifikasi Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan Indonesia terhadap Usaha Bioenergi Kelapa Sawit, Pasal 4 and Lampiran, principles 1 to 3. regulation_id PERMENESDM_3_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350242/permen-esdm-no-3-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  52. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.85/Menhut-II/2014 tentang Tata Cara Kerjasama Penyelenggaraan Kawasan Suaka Alam dan Kawasan Pelestarian Alam, Pasal 26, 27 and 28, as amended in 2017. regulation_id PERMENHUT_85_2014. ↩︎

  53. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.59/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/10/2019 tentang Penanaman dalam Rangka Rehabilitasi Daerah Aliran Sungai, Pasal 1 angka 1 to 3, Pasal 2 and Pasal 3. regulation_id PERMENLHK_59_2019. ↩︎

  54. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 3 Tahun 2016 tentang Percepatan Pelaksanaan Proyek Strategis Nasional, Pasal 14 ayat (1) and (2) and closing formula (signed 8 January 2016, promulgated 12 January 2016, Lembaran Negara 2016 No. 4); text as issued in 2016, before its amendments. regulation_id PERPRES_3_2016. ↩︎

  55. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 23 Tahun 2024 tentang Jalan Tol, Pasal 34 ayat (2), Pasal 37 and Pasal 39 ayat (1) and (2); Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 85. regulation_id PP_23_2024. ↩︎