This article was machine-drafted from the sources cited in its footnotes. It is not the official text of any law or court decision, and it is not legal advice (how articles are written).
Carbon trading and climate regulation in IndonesiaTopic
FieldClimate change and carbon pricing
JurisdictionIndonesia
Principal instrumentsPerpres 110/2025; UU 32/2009
Principal institutionsMinistry of Environment / Environmental Control Agency; Ministry of Forestry; Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources; Financial Services Authority (OJK)

Carbon trading and climate regulation in Indonesia is the body of law on the control of greenhouse gas emissions, the pricing of carbon and adaptation to climate change. Indonesia has no framework climate statute: the national duties to inventory greenhouse gas emissions and to set policy on the control of climate change rest on Undang-Undang 32/2009 on environmental protection and management, and the principal instrument of the field is a presidential regulation, Peraturan Presiden 110/2025, on the carbon economic value (nilai ekonomi karbon, NEK) and the control of national emissions.[1][2]

Perpres 110/2025, signed and promulgated on 10 October 2025, replaced Peraturan Presiden 98/2021, which had first provided the basis for the NEK as an instrument for meeting Indonesia's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement.[2:1][3] It names four carbon pricing instruments, carbon trading, results-based payment, a carbon levy and other instruments, and is implemented by sector regulations: the Financial Services Authority's rules on the carbon exchange, the Ministry of Forestry's rules on forestry offsets, and the rules of the environment and energy ministries.[4]

Mitigation obligations also run through the energy sector, where the national energy policy sets a net-zero target for 2060, and through forestry and peat, the sector the NDC relied on for a net carbon sink.[5][3:1] A climate change bill, placed on the 2025 priority legislation programme, stood at the drafting stage in the House of Representatives in September 2026. CRPG's regulatory tracker reported the national action plan for blue carbon ecosystems for 2025 to 2030 in February 2026.[6][7]

Statutory basis

UU 32/2009 counts climate mitigation and adaptation among the functions of the atmosphere that environmental maintenance must preserve, and assigns to the central government the national inventory of natural resources and greenhouse gas emissions and policy on the control of climate change impacts, with parallel inventory duties for provinces.[8][1:1] Its implementing regulation on environmental protection, Peraturan Pemerintah 22/2021, refers to climate change in the maintenance of water quality, the air quality protection plans and the maintenance of marine quality; the regime built on it is described at environmental approval in Indonesia.[9] Peraturan Pemerintah 26/2025 requires the environmental protection and management plans at national, provincial and district level, which look ahead thirty years, to include climate adaptation and greenhouse gas mitigation.[10]

An earlier regulation on environmental economic instruments, Peraturan Pemerintah 46/2017, had listed emission permit trading among its incentives and disincentives.[11] The forestry statute, Undang-Undang 41/1999, classifies forests by function into conservation, protection and production forest, and CRPG's regulatory tracker presented it in a November 2025 series on carbon as recognising the carbon sequestration function of forests.[12][13] At the level of national planning, Undang-Undang 59/2024 on the long-term development plan for 2025 to 2045 includes among its vision targets a fall in greenhouse-gas emission intensity, measured against 2010, expressed as 93.5 per cent by 2045.[14]

The climate change bill of Indonesia, a proposal of the House of Representatives with four alternative titles, was placed on the priority National Legislation Programme for 2025 on 19 November 2024 and was under harmonisation by the House's legislation body in January and February 2026; as of September 2026 it stood at the second of the five constitutional stages of law-making.[6:1]

Carbon economic value framework

Perpres 98/2021, signed and promulgated on 29 October 2021, stated the NDC target as a reduction of 29 per cent by Indonesia's own effort, and up to 41 per cent with international cooperation, against a 2030 baseline of 2,869 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, and organised the NEK through carbon trading, results-based payment, carbon levies and other mechanisms under a framework of measurement, reporting and verification, a national registry and emission reduction certificates.[3:2] Its procedures were set by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 21/2022, which divides carbon trading into emissions trading, based on technical approvals of emission caps issued by sector ministers, and emission offsets, based on emission reduction certificates issued after validation and verification, and requires business actors to record their NEK activities on the national climate change registry (SRN PPI).[15]

Perpres 110/2025 organises the field in seven parts: carbon allocation, the preparation and setting of the NDC, the operation of the carbon pricing instruments, a transparency framework, monitoring and evaluation, guidance and funding, and a steering committee. It introduces a national carbon allocation from which emission caps are derived and a registry of carbon units separate from the national climate registry.[16][4:1] It kept the implementing regulations of its predecessor in force so far as they did not conflict with it, gave existing holders of carbon units one year to adjust, and required its own implementing regulations within one year.[17]

Its mitigation sectors are energy, waste (whose solid-waste side is governed by the law described at solid waste management law of Indonesia), industrial processes and product use, agriculture, forestry, and marine affairs and fisheries, and its adaptation fields are food, water, energy, health and ecosystem resilience; adaptation of water resources falls within the water resources law of Indonesia.[18][19]

Carbon exchange

Carbon units are traded on the carbon exchange supervised by the Financial Services Authority (OJK). Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan 10/2026, in force from 6 July 2026, amended OJK's 2023 regulation on carbon trading through the exchange to align it with Perpres 110/2025: it moved the recording of exchange-traded units from the SRN PPI to the new carbon unit registry, widened the classes of unit that may be traded, and revised the rules on foreign units, supervision, reporting and sanctions.[20] Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan 9/2026, which takes effect on 1 October 2026, requires parties in the capital market, derivatives and carbon exchange sectors to file their incidental reports through OJK's online reporting system.[21]

Forests, peat and land

Forestry carbon has its own procedures. The REDD+ procedures of Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 70/2017, promulgated on 24 January 2018, list among their legal bases the laws ratifying the climate convention, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.[22] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 6/2026, issued in April 2026 to implement Perpres 110/2025, sets the procedures for trading forestry-sector offsets by business actors, the minister and provincial governors, and allows a business actor to trade only a certified carbon unit.[23] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 7/2026 simplified the licensing of carbon environmental services in nature reserves, nature conservation areas and hunting parks.[24] Geothermal businesses in conservation areas pay a levy calculated under Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 28/2025 from values that include a carbon sink and a carbon release value.[25]

The national forestry plan reissued by Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 8/2026 states that 2.5 million hectares of conservation forest are prepared for the carbon economic value, and links the plan to the NDC and the target of a net sink in forestry and other land use (FOLU Net Sink).[26] Peat is inventoried and zoned into protection and cultivation functions under Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 14/2017.[27] The planning of forest and land rehabilitation by watershed, set by Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 10/2022 in place of Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan 37/2010 and two other rules, does not mention carbon in its text, though CRPG's tracker presented it in its carbon series as an instrument for enhancing carbon sinks.[28][29] The combined environment and forestry ministry's strategic plan for 2020 to 2024, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 16/2020, was reported by the tracker as setting that ministry's climate targets.[30][31] The field as a whole is surveyed at forestry and land use regulation in Indonesia.

Energy transition and efficiency

The national energy policy adopted by Peraturan Pemerintah 40/2025 adds decarbonisation and net zero emissions in 2060 to the aims of energy independence and security, sets a share of new and renewable energy rising from 19 to 23 per cent of primary supply in 2030 to 70 to 72 per cent in 2060, with a peak in energy-sector emissions in 2035, and allows the central government to impose a carbon tax on non-renewable energy.[5:1] Earlier, Peraturan Presiden 112/2022 had prohibited the development of new coal-fired power plants, subject to two exceptions, and directed the energy minister to prepare a roadmap for ending the operation of coal-fired plants early.[32] These instruments belong also to mining and energy regulation in Indonesia.

Energy efficiency is governed by Peraturan Pemerintah 33/2023 on energy conservation, which obliges large energy providers and users to practise energy management.[33] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 8/2025 sets the thresholds, audits and reporting of that management and allows its results to be used under the energy-sector carbon economic value mechanism, and Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 1/2026 regulates the businesses that provide energy conservation services.[34][35] The licensing standards of Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 7/2026 include, in the oil and gas subsector, three licences on carbon: exploration of an injection target zone, carbon storage operation and carbon transport by pipeline.[36]

In transport, Peraturan Presiden 55/2019 set up a programme to accelerate battery electric vehicles, citing among its reasons Indonesia's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[37] For power generation, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 15/2019 requires thermal power plants to calculate their greenhouse gas loads and gave existing coal-fired plants three years to meet the standards for mercury and carbon dioxide.[38]

Environmental monitoring and adaptation projects

Environmental conditions were measured through the environmental quality index under Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 27/2021, which set how the index is calculated and presented, until it was revoked in September 2025 by a regulation of the Minister of Environment on the status and condition of the environment.[39]

CRPG, which publishes this encyclopedia, has taken part in two projects on climate adaptation. KONEKSI was a 2023 to 2024 research project on the climate resilience of community-based rural water supply, a subject of drinking water supply regulation in Indonesia, funded by the Australian Government, in which CRPG reviewed national and local regulation.[40] PESPA was a consortium project on the urban food system of Bandung under Urban Futures, a programme combining urban food systems, youth well-being and climate action, in which CRPG designed and delivered training programmes.[41]

See also

Part of a series on Carbon trading and climate regulation in Indonesia
Climate change bill of Indonesia · KONEKSI · Permen ESDM 7/2026 · Permenhut 28/2025 · Permenhut 37/2010 · Permenhut 6/2026 · Permenhut 7/2026 · Permen LHK 10/2022 · Permen LHK 14/2017 · Permen LHK 15/2019 · Permen LHK 16/2020 · Permen LHK 21/2022 · Permen LHK 27/2021 · Permen LHK 70/2017 · POJK 10/2026 · POJK 9/2026 · PP 26/2025 · PP 33/2023 · Perpres 110/2025 · Perpres 55/2019 · Perpres 98/2021 · PESPA · UU 32/2009 · UU 41/1999 · UU 59/2024
Identifiers Know ID K8
Categories Climate change policy of Indonesia
What links here (40)

References

  1. [P] UU 32/2009 as amended, Pasal 63 ayat (1) and (2), and Pasal 64; Lembaran Negara 2009 No. 140. regulation_id UU_32_2009. ↩︎ ↩︎

  2. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 110 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Instrumen Nilai Ekonomi Karbon dan Pengendalian Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional, Mengingat angka 3, Pasal 101 (revoking Perpres 98/2021), Pasal 103 and closing formula (Ditetapkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 10 Oktober 2025; Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 172). regulation_id PERPRES_110_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/334733/perpres-no-110-tahun-2025 ↩︎ ↩︎

  3. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 98 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon untuk Pencapaian Target Kontribusi yang Ditetapkan Secara Nasional dan Pengendalian Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dalam Pembangunan Nasional, Pasal 2 and 3, Pasal 5 to 8, Pasal 45 to 47 and Pasal 60; enacted and promulgated 29 October 2021, Lembaran Negara 2021 No. 249. regulation_id PERPRES_98_2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/187122/perpres-no-98-tahun-2021 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  4. [P] Perpres 110/2025, Pasal 55 ayat (1) to (3), Pasal 56 and Pasal 75. regulation_id PERPRES_110_2025. ↩︎ ↩︎

  5. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 40 Tahun 2025 tentang Kebijakan Energi Nasional, Pasal 2 to 5, Pasal 10 huruf a, Pasal 13 and Pasal 83 and 84; enacted and promulgated 15 September 2025, Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 149. regulation_id PP_40_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/328789/pp-no-40-tahun-2025 ↩︎ ↩︎

  6. [P] Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, SIMASLEG record for RUU id 757, RUU tentang Pengelolaan Perubahan Iklim/RUU tentang Perubahan Iklim/RUU tentang Keadilan Iklim/RUU tentang Perubahan Iklim, proposer DPR, with dated entries of 19 November 2024 (Prolegnas priority 2025), 15 January 2026 and 4 February 2026 (Badan Legislasi), as retrieved on 26 September 2026; read with Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011, Pasal 1 angka 1. regulation_id UU_12_2011. ↩︎ ↩︎

  7. [E] "RENAKSI: Indonesia's National Action Plan for Blue Carbon Ecosystems 2025-2030", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 22 February 2026. https://crpg.id/renaksi-indonesia-blue-carbon-2025-2030/ Cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  8. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 57. regulation_id UU_32_2009. ↩︎

  9. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 156 (climate change control through wastewater management), Pasal 182 huruf d (air quality plans to contain climate change adaptation and mitigation) and Pasal 270 (marine ecosystem functions for climate change adaptation and mitigation). regulation_id PP_22_2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/161852/pp-no-22-tahun-2021 ↩︎

  10. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 Tahun 2025 tentang Perencanaan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 26 and Pasal 30 to 31; Lembaran Negara 2025 No. 96. regulation_id PP_26_2025. ↩︎

  11. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 46 Tahun 2017 tentang Instrumen Ekonomi Lingkungan Hidup, Pasal 31 ayat (1) to (4); Lembaran Negara 2017 No. 228. regulation_id PP_46_2017. ↩︎

  12. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan, Pasal 6 and 7 and the elucidation of Pasal 7; Lembaran Negara 1999 No. 167. regulation_id UU_41_1999. ↩︎

  13. [E] "UU 41/1999 Forestry Law Recognizes Forests' Carbon Sequestration Function", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/uu-41-1999-forestry-law-recognizes-forests-carbon-sequestration-function/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  14. [P] Undang-Undang Nomor 59 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional Tahun 2025-2045, Lampiran, Bab III, section 3.4 (Sasaran Utama), and closing formula (Lembaran Negara 2024 No. 194). regulation_id UU_59_2024. ↩︎

  15. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 21 Tahun 2022 tentang Tata Laksana Penerapan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon, Pasal 4 to 7, Pasal 42 and Pasal 1 angka 25; enacted 21 September 2022, promulgated 20 October 2022, Berita Negara 2022 No. 1064. regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_21_2022. ↩︎

  16. [P] Perpres 110/2025, Pasal 2 ayat (1) and (2) and Pasal 1 angka 2, 14, 17 to 20. regulation_id PERPRES_110_2025. ↩︎

  17. [P] Perpres 110/2025, Pasal 97 to 100 and Pasal 102. regulation_id PERPRES_110_2025. ↩︎

  18. [P] Perpres 110/2025, Pasal 8 and Pasal 9 ayat (1) to (4). regulation_id PERPRES_110_2025. ↩︎

  19. [P] Perpres 110/2025, Pasal 35 to 37. regulation_id PERPRES_110_2025. ↩︎

  20. [P] Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 10 Tahun 2026 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 14 Tahun 2023 tentang Perdagangan Karbon melalui Bursa Karbon, Menimbang huruf a, Pasal I angka 1 to 3 and 5 to 7; enacted 2 July 2026, promulgated 6 July 2026 (OJK). regulation_id POJK_10_2026. https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/POJK-10-Tahun-2026-Perubahan-Atas-POJK-14-Tahun-2023-tentang-Perdagangan-Karbon-Melalui-Bursa-Karbon.aspx ↩︎

  21. [P] Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 9 Tahun 2026 tentang Pelaporan Insidental melalui Sistem Pelaporan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan di Sektor Pasar Modal, Keuangan Derivatif, dan Bursa Karbon, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (3) and Pasal 20 (mulai berlaku pada tanggal 1 Oktober 2026). regulation_id POJK_9_2026. ↩︎

  22. [P] Permen LHK No. P.70/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2017, peraturan.go.id: enacted 29 December 2017, promulgated 24 January 2018, Berita Negara 2018 No. 161; Dasar Hukum as listed. The text of the regulation is not held in the CRPG regulation vault and was not consulted. https://peraturan.go.id/id/permen-lhk-no-p-70-menlhk-setjen-kum-1-12-2017-tahun-2017 ↩︎

  23. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 6 Tahun 2026 tentang Tata Cara Perdagangan Karbon Melalui Offset Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Sektor Kehutanan, preamble, Pasal 2 to 5 and Pasal 10; enacted 6 April 2026, promulgated 13 April 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 238. regulation_id PERMENHUT_6_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350948/permenhut-no-6-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  24. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 7 Tahun 2026, preamble, Menimbang huruf a and b, and Pasal I angka 1 to 9; Berita Negara 2026 No. 256. regulation_id PERMENHUT_7_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350949/permenhut-no-7-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  25. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 28 Tahun 2025, Pasal 2 to 4; Berita Negara 2025 No. 1278. regulation_id PERMENHUT_28_2025. ↩︎

  26. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 8 Tahun 2026 tentang Rencana Kehutanan Tingkat Nasional Tahun 2011-2030, Lampiran I, part A (section 1) and part D (Tables 24 to 26). regulation_id PERMENHUT_8_2026. ↩︎

  27. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.14/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/2/2017 tentang Tata Cara Inventarisasi dan Penetapan Fungsi Ekosistem Gambut, Pasal 5 to 12; Berita Negara 2017 No. 336. regulation_id PERMENLHK_P14_2017. ↩︎

  28. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 10 Tahun 2022, Pasal 2 to 4 and Pasal 40 (revoking Permenhut P.32/Menhut-II/2009, P.37/Menhut-V/2010 and P.38/Menhut-V/2010); Berita Negara 2022 No. 687. regulation_id PERMENLHK_10_2022. ↩︎

  29. [E] "PERMENLHK 10/2022 Establishes Systematic Forest Rehabilitation Planning to Enhance Carbon Sinks", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/permenlhk-10-2022-establishes-systematic-forest-rehabilitation-planning-to-enhance-carbon-sinks/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  30. [P] Permen LHK No. 16 Tahun 2020 (P.16/MENLHK/SETJEN/SET.1/8/2020) tentang Rencana Strategis Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Tahun 2020-2024, JDIH BPK: enacted 7 August 2020, promulgated 14 August 2020, Berita Negara 2020 No. 919. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/163463/permen-lhk-no-16-tahun-2020 ↩︎

  31. [E] "PERMENLHK 16/2020 Set Forestry Ministry Climate Targets for 2020-2024 Period", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/permenlhk-16-2020-set-forestry-ministry-climate-targets-for-2020-2024-period/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎

  32. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 112 Tahun 2022 tentang Percepatan Pengembangan Energi Terbarukan untuk Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik, Pasal 3 ayat (1) to (11); Lembaran Negara 2022 No. 181. regulation_id PERPRES_112_2022. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/225308/perpres-no-112-tahun-2022 ↩︎

  33. [P] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 33 Tahun 2023 tentang Konservasi Energi, Pasal 28 to 36; Lembaran Negara 2023 No. 83. regulation_id PP_33_2023. ↩︎

  34. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 8 Tahun 2025 tentang Manajemen Energi, Pasal 2 and Pasal 30; Berita Negara 2025 No. 194. regulation_id PERMEN_ESDM_8_2025. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/317641/permen-esdm-no-8-tahun-2025 ↩︎

  35. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Usaha Jasa Konservasi Energi, preamble (implementing Pasal 23 of PP 33/2023) and Pasal 2 to 6; Berita Negara 2026 No. 4. regulation_id PERMENESDM_1_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350156/permen-esdm-no-1-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  36. [P] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 7 Tahun 2026, Pasal 4 and Lampiran I, part A (Subsektor Minyak dan Gas Bumi); Berita Negara 2026 No. 385. regulation_id PERMENESDM_7_2026. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/350238/permen-esdm-no-7-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  37. [P] Peraturan Presiden Nomor 55 Tahun 2019 tentang Percepatan Program Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai (Battery Electric Vehicle) untuk Transportasi Jalan, preamble, Menimbang huruf a to d, and closing formula (Lembaran Negara 2019 No. 146). regulation_id PERPRES_55_2019. ↩︎

  38. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.15/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/4/2019 tentang Baku Mutu Emisi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Termal, Pasal 16 to 19 and Pasal 26 ayat (1) and (2); Berita Negara 2019 No. 455. regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_p-15-menlhk-setjen-kum-1-4-2019_2019. ↩︎

  39. [P] Permen LHK No. 27 Tahun 2021 tentang Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup, JDIH BPK: enacted 16 December 2021, promulgated 27 December 2021, Berita Negara 2021 No. 1426; revoked by Permen LH/BPLH No. 14 Tahun 2025 (enacted 4 September 2025, promulgated 9 September 2025). Official abstract held as regulation_id PERMENLHK_27_2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/235366/permen-lhk-no-27-tahun-2021 ↩︎

  40. [E] "KONEKSI", CRPG, crpg.id, 25 July 2023. https://crpg.id/koneksi/ CRPG's own project page, cited for the project's design and CRPG's role; and "Future Proofing A Basic Social Service Climate Resilient Community Based Rural Water Supply", KONEKSI, koneksi-kpp.id. https://koneksi-kpp.id/en/future-proofing-a-basic-social-service-climate-resilient-community-based-rural-water-supply ↩︎

  41. [E] "PESPA: Youth for Sustainable Food Systems in Bandung", CRPG, crpg.id, 18 November 2025. https://crpg.id/pespa-youth-for-sustainable-food-systems-in-bandung/ CRPG's own account of a project in which it took part; and "Urban Futures – Pemuda untuk Sistem Pangan Kota Bandung (PESPA)", Article 33 Indonesia, 7 November 2024 (in Indonesian). https://www.article33.or.id/en/2024/11/uf-humanis-article-33-indonesia/ ↩︎