This article was machine-drafted from the sources cited in its footnotes. It is not the official text of any law or court decision, and it is not legal advice (how articles are written).
Solid waste management law of IndonesiaTopic
FieldHousehold, household-type, specific and hazardous waste
JurisdictionIndonesia
Principal instrumentsUU 18/2008; PP 81/2012; PP 27/2020; Perpres 97/2017; PP 22/2021
Principal institutionsMinistry of Environment and Environmental Control Agency (formerly the Ministry of Environment and Forestry); Ministry of Public Works; provincial, regency and city governments

Solid waste management law of Indonesia is the body of law that governs the reduction, collection, transport, processing and final disposal of solid waste, the duties of residents, producers and governments in managing it, and the treatment of waste that contains hazardous substances. Its parent statute is Undang-Undang 18/2008 on waste management, signed and promulgated on 7 May 2008, which defines waste and its categories, divides authority between the central, provincial and district governments, sets the rights and duties of residents, producers and area managers, and establishes licensing, compensation, dispute settlement, and administrative and criminal sanctions.[1][2] Its two principal implementing regulations are Peraturan Pemerintah 81/2012 on household and household-type waste and Peraturan Pemerintah 27/2020 on specific waste (sampah spesifik).[3][4]

The law organises waste management into reduction (pengurangan) and handling (penanganan). The national policy and strategy for household waste, set by Perpres 97/2017, fixed targets of a 30 per cent reduction and 70 per cent handling by 2025, and the Adipura programme ranks district and city governments on their performance.[5][6] On the reduction side, the producers of packaged goods carry duties that make up extended producer responsibility in Indonesia, and communities run waste banks; on the handling side, the law and its regulations define the chain of waste processing facilities from temporary collection sites to final processing sites and prohibit open dumping.[7][8]

Waste that is the residue of a business and contains hazardous and toxic substances (limbah B3) follows a separate track under the environmental protection law, Undang-Undang 32/2009, and Peraturan Pemerintah 22/2021, surveyed at hazardous waste regulation in Indonesia.[9][10] Human excreta are left to the separate regime at wastewater and sanitation regulation in Indonesia.[11] In 2025 a presidential regulation on converting urban waste into renewable energy and a ministerial decree listing regions in a state of waste emergency added new instruments to the field.[12][13]

Statutory framework

Undang-Undang 18/2008 defines waste (sampah) as the residue of daily human activity or natural processes in solid form, and manages three categories: household waste, which excludes faeces and specific waste; waste similar to household waste, from commercial, industrial and special areas and from social, public and other facilities; and specific waste, which includes waste containing hazardous substances, disaster waste, demolition debris, waste that cannot yet be processed with available technology, and waste arising irregularly.[11:1] The central government sets national policy and strategy and the norms, standards, procedures and criteria; provinces set provincial policy and facilitate cooperation between districts; and district and city governments operate waste management, supervise other operators and fix the locations of collection and final processing sites in their spatial plans.[14] The law places a duty on producers to manage packaging and goods that do not decompose naturally, and prohibits the import of waste, mixing waste with hazardous waste, disposal outside designated places, open dumping at final processing sites and burning waste contrary to technical requirements.[7:1][8:1]

Most operational detail is delegated. Peraturan Pemerintah 81/2012, signed on 12 October 2012 and promulgated on 15 October 2012, governs the waste stream for which district and city governments provide services. It makes every person responsible for both reduction and handling, requires sorting into at least five categories, and provides for national, provincial and district policies and strategies, district master plans, progressive user charges, competency certification for waste workers, compensation for people affected by landfills and a waste information system.[3:1][15][16] Peraturan Pemerintah 27/2020, signed on 8 June 2020 and promulgated on 9 June 2020 to implement Pasal 23 ayat (2) of the law, governs specific waste, including household waste that contains hazardous substances, and places parallel duties on producers of products containing such substances.[4:1][17] CRPG's regulatory tracker analysed the law's definitions, rights and obligations, and sanctions, and the hierarchy from the law to its household-waste regulation, in December 2025.[18][19]

Waste management is also part of the sanitation with which drinking water supply must be integrated. Peraturan Pemerintah 122/2015 on drinking water supply systems defines sanitation to include wastewater management systems and waste management, and requires the integration at least when master plans are prepared, a link described at drinking water supply regulation in Indonesia.[20]

Policy, planning and performance

Peraturan Presiden 97/2017, known by its acronym Jakstranas, was issued to implement Pasal 6 of PP 81/2012 and was promulgated on 24 October 2017.[21] It sets policy directions, strategies, programmes and targets for 2017 to 2025, with two headline targets for 2025 of a 30 per cent reduction and 70 per cent handling of household and household-type waste, measured against the waste that would have been generated without the policy.[5:1] It guides ministries in setting sectoral policy and governors, regents and mayors in preparing regional policies and strategies (Jakstrada), which provinces had to adopt within six months and districts within a year.[22][23] Waste at sea has a plan of its own: Peraturan Presiden 83/2018, promulgated on 21 September 2018, adopted the National Action Plan for Marine Debris Handling 2018 to 2025 and set up a national coordination team under the President, with the Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs as chair and the environment minister as daily chair.[24][25] Waste is also one of the mitigation sectors of Peraturan Presiden 110/2025 on carbon pricing and national greenhouse gas emissions control, surveyed at carbon trading and climate regulation in Indonesia.[26] CRPG's regulatory tracker analysed the roles of local governments under this framework, and the policy vision beyond 2025, in December 2025.[27][28]

Adipura is the national programme under which the environment ministry monitors and ranks the performance of district and city governments in managing waste and public green open space. Its 2019 regulation, Permen LHK 76/2019, classifies districts by population and by the state of their waste management; those that have not adopted a regional waste policy and strategy are not monitored and may be subject to disincentives, and the awards, from the Adipura Kencana to the Adipura plaque, are each tied to a minimum score.[29][30][31][32]

Reduction and producer responsibility

Extended producer responsibility in Indonesian law rests on the producer's statutory duty to manage packaging and goods that do not decompose naturally, and on PP 81/2012, which defines a producer and requires the shift to decomposable, recyclable and reusable materials to be phased over ten-year periods through a ministerial roadmap.[33][34] The first roadmap, Permen LHK 75/2019, promulgated on 5 December 2019, covers 2020 to 2029 for producers in manufacturing, food and beverage services and retail, and targets a 30 per cent reduction of waste by producers. Its annex sets product-level measures by sector and material, including prohibitions on certain single-use plastics that take effect on 1 January 2030.[35][36][37] In October 2025, as reported by CRPG's regulatory tracker, the environment minister issued a circular letter directing that producers' reduction obligations be written into their environmental approval documents, the instrument surveyed at environmental approval in Indonesia.[38]

Waste banks (bank sampah) are facilities for managing household and similar waste on the reduce-reuse-recycle principle, which may be formed by communities, businesses or regional governments. The rules are set by a 2021 environment ministry regulation, Permen LHK 14/2021, which distinguishes neighbourhood unit banks from district-level parent banks and sets requirements for the waste a bank handles, its facilities and its governance.[39][40] CRPG's regulatory tracker analysed the implementation of the reduce-reuse-recycle mandate across the waste regulations in December 2025.[41]

Handling and facilities

The law and its regulations classify the sites through which waste passes as waste processing facilities: the temporary collection site (TPS), the reduce-reuse-recycle processing site (TPS 3R), the transfer station (SPA), the integrated waste processing site (TPST) and the final processing site (tempat pemrosesan akhir, TPA).[11:2][42][43] District and city governments must provide and operate final processing sites and provide collection and processing facilities for residential areas, while managers of residential, commercial, industrial and special areas and of public and social facilities must provide facilities for their own areas.[44] Final processing must use controlled or sanitary landfill or other environmentally sound technology, and open dumps were to be closed within five years of the law's entry into force.[44:1][45]

Two environment ministry regulations set standards for final processing. Permen LHK 59/2016, promulgated on 19 July 2016, fixes national maximum concentrations for seven parameters in leachate (lindi) released from landfills, which may not be exceeded at any time, has the applicable standard written into the environmental permit, and places operating obligations on the person responsible for the landfill, from watertight leachate channels to monthly testing and quarterly reports.[46][47] Permen LHK 26/2020 governs the handling of bottom ash and fly ash from the thermal processing of waste.[48] The conversion of waste into energy is the subject of presidential regulation: Peraturan Presiden 109/2025 on handling urban waste by processing it into renewable energy, signed and promulgated on 10 October 2025, revoked the 2018 regulation on accelerating waste-to-electricity plants.[12:1] People harmed by final processing sites may be compensated by the regional government.[16:1] CRPG's regulatory tracker analysed construction and demolition waste, one of the categories of specific waste, in December 2025.[49]

Hazardous waste

Under Undang-Undang 32/2009 anyone who generates hazardous waste must manage it, and management covers reduction, storage, collection, transport, utilisation, processing and landfilling.[9:1][50] Bab VII of Peraturan Pemerintah 22/2021 requires everyone who produces waste to manage it and divides waste management into hazardous and non-hazardous streams; for non-hazardous industrial waste it prohibits dumping without central government approval, open burning, mixing with hazardous waste and landfilling at municipal final processing sites.[10:1][51] The procedures are set by Permen LHK 6/2021, signed and promulgated on 1 April 2021, which covers the process from the determination of a waste's status to storage, transport, treatment, landfilling and cross-border movement, and requires a business that collects, utilises, treats or landfills hazardous waste to hold a technical approval and then an operational worthiness letter before operating.[52][53] Permen LHK 11/2024, promulgated on 4 September 2024, requires hazardous-waste management services, generators with a technical approval and eleven kinds of high-risk activity to employ workers certified under the national qualifications framework.[54][55]

Household waste that contains hazardous substances is specific waste under PP 27/2020, which places duties on residents, area managers, district governments and producers, and medical waste from health facilities is governed by a separate health ministry regulation.[56][57][58] The two tracks are compared at hazardous waste regulation in Indonesia.

Enforcement and waste emergencies

Regents and mayors may impose administrative sanctions on licensed waste operators who breach their licence conditions, and the law's criminal provisions set minimum and maximum penalties for the unlawful import of waste and for operators who disregard waste management standards in ways that harm health or cause pollution.[59][60] Under the environmental supervision regulation Permen LH 6/2026, in force from 15 June 2026, a violation of moderate or serious level may be stopped on the spot, among other ways by closing a waste dumping site.[61][62]

On 13 October 2025 the Minister of Environment, who also heads the Environmental Control Agency, issued Keputusan Menteri 2567/2025 on regions in a state of waste emergency (Kedaruratan Sampah), on the basis of Pasal 15 ayat (3) of Perpres 109/2025. It defines a waste emergency as the accumulation of large quantities of waste through inadequate management, with the potential to cause pollution, environmental damage and harm to public health, and applies it to regions that have no final processing site, still practise open dumping, score 60 or less for waste management performance in the Adipura assessment, or are under administrative sanction for waste management; the regions are listed in its annex.[13:1][63] CRPG's regulatory tracker analysed the decree in November 2025, and a national focus-group discussion on financing regional waste management in the same month.[64][65]

See also

CRPG coverage on crpg.id (6 posts)
Part of a series on Solid waste management law of Indonesia
Adipura · Extended producer responsibility in Indonesia · Hazardous waste regulation in Indonesia · Permen LH 26/2012 · Permen LHK 11/2024 · Permen LHK 26/2020 · Permen LHK 59/2016 · Permen LHK 6/2021 · Permen LHK 75/2019 · PP 22/2021 · PP 81/2012 · Perpres 83/2018 · Perpres 97/2017 · UU 18/2008 · Waste banks in Indonesia · Waste processing facilities in Indonesia
Identifiers Know ID K6
Categories Waste management in Indonesia · Environmental law of Indonesia
What links here (24)

References

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  31. [P] Permen LHK 76/2019, Pasal 11 and Pasal 29. regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_p-76-menlhk-setjen-kum-1-10-2019_2019. ↩︎

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  36. [P] Permen LHK 75/2019, Pasal 2 (period 2020 to 2029; target of 30 per cent), Pasal 3 (manufacturing, food and beverage services, retail), Pasal 4 and Pasal 5. regulation_id PERMENLHK_75_2019_Peta_Jalan_Sampah. ↩︎

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  50. [P] UU 32/2009, Pasal 59 ayat (1) to (7), in the consolidated text as amended by Perppu 2/2022, enacted as UU 6/2023. regulation_id UU_32_2009. ↩︎

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  52. [P] Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor 6 Tahun 2021 tentang Tata Cara dan Persyaratan Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, Pasal 237 and closing formula (Ditetapkan and Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 1 April 2021); Berita Negara 2021 No. 294. regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_6_2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/211000/permen-lhk-no-6-tahun-2021 ↩︎

  53. [P] Permen LHK 6/2021, Pasal 1 angka 44 and 45, Pasal 220 (technical approval and SLO-PLB3), Pasal 221 and Pasal 222. regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_6_2021. ↩︎

  54. [P] Permen LHK No. 11 Tahun 2024 tentang Penerapan Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia Bidang Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, JDIH BPK (enacted 30 August 2024; promulgated and in force 4 September 2024; BN 2024 No. 526). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/300676/permen-lhk-no-11-tahun-2024 ↩︎

  55. [P] Permen LHK 11/2024, Pasal 1 angka 3, 4 and 12, Pasal 2 ayat (1) to (6) and Pasal 3. regulation_id PERMEN_LHK_11_2024. ↩︎

  56. [P] PP 27/2020, Pasal 1, Pasal 2 ayat (1) and Pasal 5. regulation_id PP_27_2020. ↩︎

  57. [P] PP 27/2020, Pasal 6 to Pasal 8 and Pasal 14 to Pasal 18. regulation_id PP_27_2020. ↩︎

  58. [P] Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 18 Tahun 2020 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Berbasis Wilayah, Pasal 2, Pasal 3, Pasal 6 and Pasal 7, and closing formula (signed 15 July 2020, promulgated 21 July 2020). regulation_id PERMENKES_18_2020. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/152561/permenkes-no-18-tahun-2020 ↩︎

  59. [P] UU 18/2008, Pasal 32, with its elucidation. regulation_id UU_18_2008. ↩︎

  60. [P] UU 18/2008, Pasal 39 to Pasal 43. regulation_id UU_18_2008. ↩︎

  61. [P] Permen LH/BPLH No. 6 Tahun 2026 tentang Pengawasan dan Sanksi Administratif Bidang Lingkungan Hidup, JDIH BPK: enacted 25 May 2026, promulgated and in force 15 June 2026, Berita Negara 2026 No. 387. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/351291/permen-lhbplh-no-6-tahun-2026 ↩︎

  62. [P] Permen LH 6/2026, Pasal 26 and Pasal 27. regulation_id PERMENLH_6_2026. ↩︎

  63. [P] Kepmen LH/BPLH 2567/2025, diktum KESATU (definition of Kedaruratan Sampah), diktum KEDUA (criteria 1 to 4, including a waste management performance score through Adipura "kurang dari atau sama dengan enam puluh") and diktum KETIGA (regions listed in the Lampiran). The diktum labels are displaced in the held OCR text and are read from its cross-references. regulation_id SK_2567_2025. ↩︎

  64. [E] "336 Regions Declared Waste Emergency: Analyzing Ministry of Environment Decree No. 2567/2025", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/336-regions-declared-waste-emergency-analyzing-ministry-of-environment-decree-no-2567-2025/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content, and the number of regions in its title was not checked against the decree's annex. ↩︎

  65. [E] "Financing Indonesia's Waste-Free Future: Key Insights from the National FGD on Regional Waste Management", CRPG regulatory tracker, crpg.id, 26 November 2025. https://crpg.id/financing-indonesias-waste-free-future-key-insights-from-the-national-fgd-on-regional-waste-management/ (free sign-in required on crpg.id) The post carries a notice that it is AI-generated; it is cited for the record of the development, not for its legal content. ↩︎